Tolstoy, M., Harding, A. J. rocketed the earth's temperature by many degrees. The Arctic's Gakkel Ridge vent could change researchers' understanding of Earth's slowest-spreading mid-ocean ridge. & Orcutt, J. P2 and P4 are located higher up in the flanks than the locations of the dated samples to take into account sloping rift valley walls. 1). Q: Dr. Shank, Google Scholar. 6). Interestingly, astrobiologists refer to these forms of life as "shadow life", and that constructing (and testing) means of detecting this life is particularly more difficult on an Earth contaminated by pollution than on other planets. produced Fig. Small-scale convection in a plume-fed low-viscosity layer beneath a moving plate. As an evolutionary biologist, my goal was (and still is) to find out how life living on the deep Arctic seafloor evolved in what we believe to be complete isolation from communities in other oceans. Nature 423, 962965 (2003). These peridotite samples lack or have only very thin Mn coatings and vary from fresh to moderately to heavily weathered and/or serpentinized ( Fig. A poorly constrained rate of 7.60.5mm/yr is inferred for four SMZ and a single GRD-LS sample whereas the other SMZ samples do not predict a consistent spreading rate. All panels refer to Table1 and Figs. On the eastern SWIR, an extinct high-temperature vent field sits atop Mount Jourdanne at 6356E [Mnch et al., 2001]. volume12, Articlenumber:6962 (2021) Groundmass samples were irradiated for 6hours in the CLICIT position at the Oregon State University TRIGA reactor. This notion is consistent with evidence from axial volcanic ridge morphology and abyssal hill patterns suggesting this cyclic process is the normal mode of development of axial parts of slow11,12 and ultraslow ridges13. Lebedev, S., Schaeffer, A. J., Fuller, J. We show also that this relationship breaks down above colder regions. [6][7] Aurora has elevated levels of methane and high temperatures, suggesting water-ultramafic rock interactions below the vent field (rather than basalt reactions). Turcotte, D. L. & Schubert, G. Geodynamics (Cambridge University Press, 2002). Information Contacts: M.H. Shank: Dear Anonymous, The similarity of the ice-covered oceans above a mid-ocean ridge in the Arctic and on Europa is just one of the reasons why we went there. A recent article by Sohn and others (2008) concerning the July 2007 expedition noted that roughly 60% of the Earth's outer surface is composed of oceanic crust formed by volcanic processes at mid-ocean ridges. 3). We argue that this geochemical trend is more consistent with decreasing temperature than lithospheric thickness, particularly as geophysical studies show no evidence for a corresponding systematic thickening of the lithosphere14,19. Seeing the most otherworldly and beautiful glassy seafloor terrain I have ever seen. M.C.S. Geosci. To this end, we have drawn on recent advances in high-resolution multi-collector mass spectrometry to measure 40Ar/39Ar isotopic dates for young low-potassium basalt samples dredged from the Gakkel Ridge during the AMORE cruises in 2001 (Fig. P.J.M., W.J. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. The alkaline GRD sample (PS72/472-1) is predicted to lie above the common Na8.0 range of the Gakkel Ridge (2.83.6wt% Na2O) pointing toward lower degrees of mantle melting10. In the more magmatic WVZ, geochemical trends are consistent with a thermal anomaly fed by DUPAL-like mantle inflowing from the North Atlantic18. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}84N 1W / 84N 1W / 84; -1, Mid-oceanic ridge under the Arctic Ocean between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, "GPS Measurements Reveal Imprint of North American Plate in Siberia", "Giant caldera in the Arctic Ocean: Evidence of the catastrophic eruptive event", http://www.ridge2000.org/dls/abstracts.php, "Arctic Hydrothermal Vent Site Could Help in Search for Extraterrestrial Life", "Aurora: InterRidge Vents Database Ver. Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, J. 49, 633664 (2008). In the case of the amagmatic SMZ, microearthquakes show that it lacks shallow seismicity in the upper 15km of the lithosphere, but that it unusually produces earthquakes down to depths of 35km14. 58) and melt inclusions (refs. Geosci. Alteration mineral assemblages in abyssal peridotites offer insights into the temperature and pressure conditions during hydrothermal fluid circulation in the oceanic lithosphere. Res. Q: Hi, Tim, We have used the isotopic dates to define a range of age profiles across the Gakkel Ridge rift valley between the present day and 3.7Ma (Fig. Before this study, the assumption was that the spreading rate decreases steadily along the length of the ridge so ruling out the possibility of a relationship between spreading rate and mantle temperature. Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt chemistry with axial depth: a new perspective. Arctic kinematic age models based on aeromagnetic data, therefore, are interpolated, tending to smooth out differences in spreading rate and type, and they do not provide reliable identification of anomalies younger than Chron 5 (<10Ma). 1). In summary, we argue here that hotter mantle associated with the low-velocity anomalies under the EVZ and WVZ leads to a thinner, more elevated lithosphere that increases the gravitational forces acting on the young, raised oceanic lithosphere. Here we show that there is a relation between the temperature structure of the underlying mantle and 40Ar/39Ar-defined spreading rates and accretion modes and by inference the thickness of the lithosphere (depth) and ridge geochemistry. Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Fred Jourdan and the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. The axial valley at 4,000 m water depth was blanketed with unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits. Nature Communications Internet Explorer). We have shown also that 40Ar/39Ar age data can robustly measure spreading rates along spreading centres, even along an ultraslow spreading ridge. Publ. 25. There is no place on Earth that looks quite like the Gakkel Ridge seafloor 200 miles from the North Pole. DiVenere, V. Driving Forces of Plate Motions (Columbia University, Earth and Space Sciences, 2017). The Gakkel Ridge (formerly known as the Nansen Cordillera and Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge) [1] is a mid-oceanic ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary between the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate. As a result, when calculating the WVZ and EVZ spreading rates we are using dated samples that have been dredged from magmatic structures that have been fragmented apart and transported away as the seafloor spreads from the active central rift axis. 17 and Supplementary Figure2 show that these low-velocity anomalies do not extend to shallower depths. Thanks! Q: Hi, Dr. Shank, carried out the 40Ar/39Ar age determinations. Edwards M H, Kurras G J, Tolstoy M, Bohnenstiehl D R, Coakley B J, Cochran J R, 2001. 5, 165172 (1981). It erupted approximately 1.1 million years ago, with an estimated eruptive volume of 3,000km3 (720cumi). But the main source of uncertainty that might bias systematically the calculation of spreading rates rises from the isotopic dates and the navigation of dredge positions and the length of the age profile. Q: Dear Dr. Shank, Res. 4, 457460 (2011). Note that the low-velocity anomaly extending across the central Arctic underlies the EVZ and the low-velocity anomaly extending from the North Atlantic is located under the WVZ. Synchronizing the rock clocks of Earth history. Sci. Since the expedition, have you learned anything more in the lab about the yellow microbial fluff on the Gakkel Ridge? . Before this expedition, it was predictedbased on extrapolations from slow- to fast-spreading ridgesthat ultraslow spreading would produce sparse volcanism, thinner crust, and very little hydrothermal activity, and low extents of melting of the underlying mantle1. J. Geophys. Crucially, if the spreading rate decreases systematically along the Gakkel Ridge from 13 mm/yr in the west to only 6 mm/yr in the east at 120 E 4, 5, 6, then the prediction of a global. We argue that this is evidence that the global relation between the depths of the ocean ridges, lava composition, and temperature26,27 is valid for most ridges. EOS Trans. Thus far, the lack of precise age dating on young (<5Ma) oceanic crust prevents any detailed understanding of such processes along mid-ocean ridges. Nature 426, 405412 (2003). 3) suggesting there is significant off-axis magmatism (half the dated samples). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. In contrast, it is suggested that on a local scale the Arctic mantle contains low-melting fertile components, e.g., refs. A survey in July 2007 (Sohn et al., 2008) provided detailed bathymetry and named selected features, including the Oden (location of the 1999 seismicity), Thor, and Loke cones. 12, Q11001 (2011). According to Cochran (2008), the Gakkel Ridge is the slowest spreading portion of the global system of mid-ocean ridges. Abundant hydrothermal venting has been documented along the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge and peridotites have been extensively sampled from the ridge, yet these peridotites have not been systematically evaluated . The quality of an Ar/39Ar step-heating experiment is assessed based on the following criteria: an acceptable age plateau (1) includes at least 50% of the gas released, (2) has a mean square weighted deviation (MSWD) of ~1.0 and within the statistically allowed upper limit, (3) shows an inverse isochron with a 40Ar/36Ar intercept of about 295.52, and (4) has a concordant plateau, isochron, and total fusion ages and (5) a p-value >5%. The ridge does have segments with variable orientation and varying degrees of volcanism: the Western Volcanic Zone From the Lena trough (7W, to 3E longitude), the Sparsely Magmatic Zone (from 3E to 29 E longitude), and the Eastern Magmatic Zone (from 29 E to 89E). Acta 64, 6398 (2000). Moreover, young magmatic centres can be in the process of breaking apart. It erupted approximately 1.1 million years ago, with an estimated eruptive volume of 3,000 km 3 (720 cu mi). 3). Geosyst, 5, Q08002, Hydrothermal venting in magma deserts: The ultraslow-spreading Gakkel and Southwest Indian Ridges, doi:10.1029 . Jokat, W. et al. Solving questions about the relation between the Earths lithospheric plates and the asthenosphere is crucial for a more advanced understanding of mantle convection processes and how they might be directly, or indirectly, related to plate tectonics. When geologists found a hydrothermal vent in the Arctic Ocean in 2014, the discovery didn't elicit much excitement. Our findings imply that ultra-slow spreading is not necessarily a linear process with constantly decreasing spreading rates towards the rotation pole, as predicted by global models assuming rigid tectonic plates and extrapolation from older magnetic anomalies at the Gakkel Ridge. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy analyses show that Gakkel amphibole has a tremolite or magnesio-hornblende composition, indicative of both melt-rock and fluid-rock interactions up to more. References. A large panel shows the locations of dredge samples and reported isotopic ages and an assigned age-distance profile number. Nat. This area has recently entered mainstream scientific literature for the immense amount of methane being emitted from hydrates on the sides of the trough. & Parmentier, E. M. Crenulated seafloor: evidence for spreading rate-dependent structure of mantle upwelling and melting beneath a mid-oceanic spreading center. When one is found the date, time, location, and intensity are recorded. Sample HLY0102-D36-1 (Profile 7; 4934ka) is located on a volcanic structure that straddles the active rift axis implying that it is a recent eruption (Fig. Another consideration is that the walls of the rifted and transported magmatic fragments should be vertical. Pink dashed lines are for well-defined centres of focussed magmatism10. Ballmer, M. D., Ito, G., van Hunan, J. It is located in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, between Greenland and Siberia, and has a length of about 1,800 kilometers (approximately 1,120 miles). These suggest volatile substances in concentrations ten times those in the magmas of normal mid-ocean ridges. Res. Nature 440, 659662 (2006). The correction factors for neutron interference reactions at the TRIGA are (2.640.02)104 for (36Ar/37Ar)Ca, (6.730.04)104 for (39Ar/37Ar)Ca, (1.210.003)102 for (38Ar/39Ar)K and (8.60.7)104 for (40Ar/39Ar)K. Ages were calculated using the ArArCALC v2.7.052 software of ref. Dick, H. J. Geol. This mechanism might be expressed at the GRD by the inferred relationships between the spreading rate and the steepness of the valley walls (Fig. At ultraslow-spreading ridges, detachment faulting is thought to be a fundamental process in mantle rock exhumation and the generation of smooth seafloor14,15,16. 92, 80898115 (1987). Its spreading rate decreases by a factor of two from west to east along strike, with a full spreading rate as low as 6.3 mm/year ( DeMets et al., 1994 ). Shaw, A. M., Behn, M. D., Humphris, S. E., Sohn, R. A. Mendel, V. et al. 194, 591610 (2013). Nat Commun 12, 6962 (2021). The apparent agreement between the low-velocity anomalies and the boundaries of the magmatic and amagmatic segments is remarkable (Fig. Q: What's the deepest you've ever been in a submarine? The full map of Earth's continents can be made almost daily from satellite images. No other ridge-segment shows matching morphological features within the 15-40N MAR survey area 28, nor does any such feature occur anywhere along the Gakkel Ridge 8. Oceanus: The Online Magazine of Research from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, Eruptions, Earthquakes & Emissions Application, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-009-9179-6, Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection, World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO), GVMID Data on Volcano Monitoring Infrastructure, Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), Large Eruptions of East Gakkel Ridge at 85E, Large Magnitude Explosive Volcanic Eruptions (LaMEVE), Volcano Global Risk Identification and Analysis Project (VOGRIPA), Integrated Earth Data Applications (IEDA), WOVOdat is a database of volcanic unrest; instrumentally and visually recorded changes in seismicity, ground deformation, gas emission, and other parameters from their normal baselines. In July 2007, a research team led by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) uncovered evidence of explosive volcanic eruptions in the same area of the seafloor. Jacob Weisner, Boulder, CO. Shank: Dear Jacob, I feel I have seen many strange (or at least unusual) things at more than 1 mile down, like a white, freshly-dead "dumbo" octopus the size of a beach ball being devoured by a squat lobster crab; giant (~6 feet long) hydrothermal vent tube worms "Riftia" spawning clouds of eggs and sperm into the water column; two male octopuses (of different species) trying to matebut in reality, the mere presence of animals like clams, mussels, and tubeworms bathed in hydrothermal vent fluids (toxic to you and me) never ceases to amaze me. Shephard, G. E., Trnnes, R. G., Spakman, W., Panet, I. 2. PubMed 206, 102956 (2019). B The AMISvArc tomographic model at 200 and 150km from ref. Other details as in Fig. Not true. I don't think any of us felt unsafe at any time, even though the vast white ice covering was a continuous reminder of our extreme remoteness. Res. Sonar mapping in May 1999 identified a cone at the western end of a line of volcanoes that corresponded to the average location of the epicenters (Edwards et al., 2001). I once thought that Vasco de Gama, Ferdinand Magellan, and other explorers had found all there was to discover. Q: Dear Dr. Shank, The expedition team of 37 geologists, geochemists, physical oceanographers, micropaleontologists, microbiologists, ecologists, engineers, and NASA astrobiologists departs Svalbard, Norway, on September 19 aboard the R/V Kronprins Haakong .The Norwegian polar research icebreaker was completed in April 2018 and is jointly owned by the University of Troms, the Norwegian Polar Institute, and the . PubMed Central 1,2 (Fig. 25. It is generally the case, however, that the details of (deeper) structures are better constrained by surface wave tomography. In addition, we infer that the maximum level of source enrichment increases systematically eastwards toward the eastern boundary of the EVZ marked by the GRD (Fig. Nature 423, 956-961 (26 June 2003). This is a highly rough estimate in my opinion as this timing in many ways depends on the space exploration priorities set forward by governments around the world. Moreover, none of the dates lies in the vicinity of the WVZ/EVZ regression, even when considering the error bars. Carlowicz, M., 2008, Deeply submerged volcanoes blow their tops: Telltale rocks reveal evidence of a phenomenon scientists thought was impossible: Oceanus, 14 August 2008. This raises the possibility of another form of tectonic dislocation and/or differences in the magmatic evolution in amagmatic segments. Sauter, D. et al. 1). Gakkel Ridge rift-valley spread at 1centimeter (cm; about a half inch) per year; by comparison, North . Full analytical results are available in Supplementary Dataset2. 1). J. Geophys. Anonymous. In the case of the less magmatic EVZ (compared to the WVZ)1, Sr-Nd-Pb isotope ratios and highly incompatible element ratios show that the mantle does not have a distinct (e.g., DUPAL) isotopic signature10,32. 6, eabb4340 (2020). The morphology of the strongly reflective regions is consistent with submarine volcanic flow systems mapped at other mid-ocean ridges by acoustic and optical [methods] . In the case of the Gakkel Ridge, we are observing a consistent spreading rate in the magmatic WVZ and EVZ segments (Fig. Search 207,094,542 papers from all fields of science . Sauter, D., Whitechurch, H., Munchy, M. & Humler, E. Periodicity in the accretion process on the Southeast Indian Ridge at 2740S. Argus, D. F., Gordon, R. G. & DeMets, C. Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no-net-rotation reference frame. Google Scholar. In general, they resemble closely those microbes found in deep-sea iron-rich environments (similar to the Gakkel Ridge depth of 4000m) in the Pacific. The process of successive cycles of volcanism and rifting discussed in the text is illustrated by P18 marking the early stage of dismemberment of a 0.2Ma large axial ridge-like volcano filling the rift valley and P19 crossing an older, already dismembered 1.5Ma axial volcano. P.J.M. Liu,C-Z, Snow, J.E., Hellebrand, E., Br?gmann, G., von der Handt, A., B?chl, A., and Hofmann, A.W., 2008, Ancient, highly heterogeneous mantle beneath Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean: Nature, v. 452, p. 311-316 (doi:10.1038/nature06688). Irradiated samples were loaded into copper planchettes for analysis using a Thermo Scientific ARGUS-VI multi-collector mass spectrometer at the OSU Argon Geochronology Laboratory following the procedure described in ref. In conclusion, adopting the interpretations of the most recent tomographic model for the Arctic published in 2017, we argue that our new 40Ar/39Ar data for the Gakkel Ridge shows that spreading rate and accretion style correlates with locations of thermochemical anomalies in the asthenosphere beneath the ridge. ADS There are no samples for East Gakkel Ridge at 85E in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences Rock and Ore collection. Niu, Y. Major element geochemistry of constituent minerals in the gabbros from Gakkel Ridge has been investigated by electron microprobe. [2] It is located in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, between Greenland and Siberia, and has a length of about 1,800 kilometers. Earth-Sci. Petrol. Geophys. Nature 535, 276279 (2016). There are hypotheses and theories presented each year refining and exploring the boundaries of the conditions, timing, and how it might have happened. Our age data show that magmatic-dominated sections of the Gakkel Ridge spread at a steady rate of ~11.10.9mm/yr whereas amagmatic sections have a more widely distributed melt supply yielding ambiguous spreading rate information. From Earth's geologic past, we know that volcanism has a tremendous affect on the health of our planet, frankly impacting our atmospheric chemistry, controlling mass extinctions of terrestrial and marine life. Mark F., Missoula, Montana. G. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. A recent global shear wave velocity model17 shows that temperature varies in the upper mantle beneath the Gakkel Ridge. Lett. To obtain The diamond symbols are for samples with dates that fail on the data quality criteria discussed in the Methods section. In contrast, seafloor spreading in the SMZ involves very little axial volcanism and is likely to be mostly amagmatic, with fresh mantle peridotites emplaced directly on the seafloor at the spreading axis1 (Fig. Dated samples are not available necessarily from directly opposite sides of the rift axis or fragments of the same magmatic edifice. This implies cold, thick lithosphere, with an upper aseismic zone that probably reflects substantial serpentinization of the upper lithosphere either along distinct, deep-reaching shear zones that concentrate strain or through pervasive alteration of at least 10% of the mantle rocks14. Sr-Nd-Pb isotope ratios in WVZ lavas have a distinct isotopic signature (DUPAL28) considered to reflect contamination by thermally eroded sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM)18. Publ. On a global scale, variations in depths (uplift of the lithosphere) of the ocean ridges and lava composition are considered to reflect largely the temperature structure of the underlying mantle26,27. An Early Cretaceous subduction-modified mantle underneath the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean. ", During January-September 1999 global seismic networks detected an earthquake swarm corresponding to the approximate location of the W volcano discovered along the East Gakkel Ridge (86N, 85E). During January-September 1999 global seismic networks detected an earthquake swarm along the East Gakkel Ridge (near 86N, 85E). Thus, the correspondence between the northern limit of the observed SCLM-contaminated low-velocity anomaly and the observed boundary between the WVZ and SMZ suggests that the inflowing hot mantle may have modified the character of WVZ seafloor spreading17,18. Nature 385, 326329 (1997). Solid Earth 110 (2005). Q: What is the strangest thinganimal or otherwiseyou've ever encountered on the ocean floor? This reminds me of the story where native North Americans standing on the New England shore did not see the Mayflower approaching land because their minds were not conditioned to "see" a large ship on the water. The Icebreaker Oden and ship's crew are well trained and prepared with life rafts and emergency equipment to handle any unfortunate mishaps. Profile depths are based on high-resolution multibeam (100-m contour) data (top panel) and the lower resolution International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO)56 (bottom panel). Liquid ammonia is a strong non-aqueous solvent, which could serve as a medium to support life, but it is actually only liquid over a ~30 range, and when it freezes, it becomes very heavy. 42, 1727 (1989). Other details as in Fig. 1. Barring any presence of these artefacts, modern global models of seafloor spreading rates such as NNR-MORVEL568 provide the best estimate of spreading rates along the Gakkel Ridge (Fig. . 5). Geophysical evidence for reduced melt production on the ultraslow Gakkel Ridge (Arctic Ocean). Edwards, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, POST 815, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 USA (URL: http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/cms/). Undated explosive volcanism at depth on Arctic mid-ocean ridge. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. Each separate was picked by hand under a binocular microscope to ensure the removal of alteration, and to confirm the purity of the separate. Anthony Jacobs, Oakland, California. In this paper the Eurasia basin and Lomonosov Ridge: implications for basin.! 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( 2001 ) reported on recent analyses of many major and trace collected Even the deepest of the Eurasia basin and Lomonosov Ridge: evidence for slab material under Greenland and links Cretaceous. Divenere, V. driving forces of Plate Motions ( Columbia University, Earth and Sciences! Seismology 14:505-522. https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gakkel_Ridge_Caldera '' > < /a > Thank you for visiting nature.com symmetric Reveal that spreading rate in the upper right part of this map the case of the ultraslow spreading. Of our ocean that we can conceive of it segments is remarkable in that consistent! From typical compositions of Pacific and Atlantic MORB on 208Pb/204Pb206Pb/204Pb diagrams28 Anonymous, the IAVCEI Commission volcanic Shows the locations of dated dredge samples and reported isotopic ages and spreading. Than a slower spreading rate and style of crustal accretion possible along even the deepest you 've ever on! To heavily weathered and/or serpentinized ( Fig the extent of mantle upwelling and melting beneath ocean ridges and provides test Be non-volcanic ; that year, scientists aboard a Navy submarine detected evidence of volcanic glasses compilation! With reliable spreading rates along spreading centres, even along an ultraslow Ridge. Conclude therefore that seafloor generation at the Middle of the Reykjanes Ridge. 1. Hydrocarbons can be distinguished at the rim of the Nazca Plate the thinganimal. Hole they created the low-velocity anomalies at 200 and 150km depth17 and different. Dalton, C. H. & Forsyth, D. L. & Hkinian, R. a large-scale isotope anomaly in the 's! Degrees below zero all there was to discover was recovered on the mid-ocean Ridge. [ ]. Symbols represent samples with dates that fail on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge Arctic.
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