The Altar of Augustan Peace (Ara Pacis Augustae) was located there, as was an obelisk imported from Egypt that formed the pointer (gnomon) of a horologium. CFR has published the bi-monthly journal Foreign Affairs since 1922. Socioeconomic factors, such as family income level, parents' level of education, race and gender, [98] Social life in the Empire, particularly for those whose personal resources were limited, was further fostered by a proliferation of voluntary associations and confraternities (collegia and sodalitates) formed for various purposes: professional and trade guilds, veterans' groups, religious sodalities, drinking and dining clubs,[99] performing arts troupes,[100] and burial societies. Laws mandated that everyone attend a house of worship and pay taxes that funded the salaries of ministers. Elite housing in cooler climates might have hypocausts, a form of central heating. [324], The importance of a good diet to health was recognized by medical writers such as Galen (2nd century AD), whose treatises included one On Barley Soup. [213] In-kind taxes were accepted from less-monetized areas, particularly those who could supply grain or goods to army camps. Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated the adoption of Latin. - A new report reveals which U.S. metropolitan areas have the highest percentage of homes valued at $1 million or more", "16 Silicon Valley landmarks you must visit on your next trip", "Tech Headquarters You Can Visit in Silicon Valley", "Why the headquarters of iconic tech companies are now among America's top tourist attractions", "Silicon Valley Abandons the Culture That Made It the Envy of the World", "History of Computing Industrial Era 19841985", "The Stanford Research Park: The Engine of Silicon Valley", "Two Views of Innovation, Colliding in Washington", "Fred Terman, the Father of Silicon Valley", "Silicon Valley's First Founder Was Its Worst | Backchannel", "Brief Notes on the History of Gate Dielectrics in MOS Devices", "Evolution of the MOS transistor-from conception to VLSI", "1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated", "1964 First Commercial MOS IC Introduced", "1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip", "Topics for Discussion at the Forthcoming Meeting, Memorandum For: Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network", "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (United States Government)", "The Regional Economy of the San Francisco Bay Area", A Legal Bridge Spanning 100 Years: From the Gold Mines of El Dorado to the "Golden" Startups of Silicon Valley, Reed Albergotti, "The Most Inventive Towns in America", "Cybercities 2008: An Overview of the High-Technology Industry in the Nation's Top 60 Cities", "AeA Study Reveals Where the Tech Jobs Are", "Silicon Valley and N.Y. still top tech rankings", "SAN JOSE-SUNNYVALE-SANTA CLARA METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA", "Venture Capital Survey Silicon Valley Fourth Quarter 2011", "Porsche lands in Silicon Valley to develop sportscars of the future", "Occupational Employment Statistics Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing", "Neighbors Clash in Silicon Valley Job growth far outstrips housing, creating an imbalance; San Jose chafes at Santa Clara", "Zero down on a $2 million house is no problem in Silicon Valley's 'weird and scary' real estate market | Financial Post", "Dispossessed in the Land of Dreams: Those left behind by Silicon Valley's technology boom struggle to stay in the place they call home", "Silicon Valley is changing, and its lead over other tech hubs narrowing", "Why startups are leaving Silicon Valley", "Full List: America's Most Expensive ZIP Codes 2017", "Kron4 Palo Alto Ranks No. [33] The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ("empire without end"[34]) expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire. [230], The main mining regions of the Empire were the Iberian Peninsula (gold, silver, copper, tin, lead); Gaul (gold, silver, iron); Britain (mainly iron, lead, tin), the Danubian provinces (gold, iron); Macedonia and Thrace (gold, silver); and Asia Minor (gold, silver, iron, tin). [437] Song (carmen) was an integral part of almost every social occasion. [230] The standardization of money throughout the Empire promoted trade and market integration. Hunting was also considered an appropriate pastime. [149] The census of 28 BC uncovered large numbers of men who qualified, and in 14 AD, a thousand equestrians were registered at Cadiz and Padua alone. It is a member of the cosmopolitan genus Latrodectus, the widow The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts. [There] seem to be evidence that some form of rationalismUnitarian, deist, or otherwisewas often present in the religion of gentlemen leaders by the late colonial period. Social advancement was thus not dependent solely on birth, patronage, good luck, or even extraordinary ability. By the eighteenth century, the vast majority of all colonists were churchgoers. Despite the effort to govern society on Christian (and more specifically Protestant) principles, the first decades of colonial era in most colonies were marked by irregular religious practices, minimal communication between remote settlers, and a population of Murtherers, Theeves, Adulterers, [and] idle persons. [368] By contrast, noxii were convicts sentenced to the arena with little or no training, often unarmed, and with no expectation of survival. Even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand, due in part to sophisticated methods of making cements and concrete. adjective. [299] Although some neighbourhoods of Rome show a higher concentration of well-to-do houses, the rich did not live in segregated enclaves. As of 2021[update], the region employed about a half million information technology workers. [442], Like gladiators, entertainers were infames in the eyes of the law, little better than slaves even if they were technically free. adjective. With the crank and connecting rod system, all elements for constructing a steam engine (invented in 1712)Hero's aeolipile (generating steam power), the cylinder and piston (in metal force pumps), non-return valves (in water pumps), gearing (in water mills and clocks)were known in Roman times. Diocletian divided the empire into four regions, each ruled by a separate emperor, the Tetrarchy. Both textiles and finished garments were traded among the peoples of the Empire, whose products were often named for them or a particular town, rather like a fashion "label". A Sia supporter might claim that I already had my mind made up about the movie, and reviewed it through my preexisting bias. [32], The MOSFET was initially overlooked and ignored by Bell Labs in favour of bipolar transistors, which led to Atalla resigning from Bell Labs and joining Hewlett-Packard in 1961. [430], Decorative arts for luxury consumers included fine pottery, silver and bronze vessels and implements, and glassware. Synonyms for highly educated include informed, learned, knowledgeable, lettered, enlightened, erudite, literary, literate, schooled and tutored. [495] The grammaticus or "grammarian" taught mainly Greek and Latin literature, with history, geography, philosophy or mathematics treated as explications of the text. In the city of Rome, most people lived in multistory apartment buildings (insulae) that were often squalid firetraps. In the United States, the founders were educated in the classical tradition,[570] and used classical models for landmarks and buildings in Washington, D.C., to avoid the feudal and religious connotations of European architecture such as castles and cathedrals. Education provides individual children with the knowledge and skills necessary to advance themselves and their nation economically. The highly anticipated alternative history shooter has an official release date. [348], The Romans thought gladiator contests had originated with funeral games and sacrifices in which select captive warriors were forced to fight to expiate the deaths of noble Romans. "[503] Higher education promoted career advancement, particularly for an equestrian in Imperial service: "eloquence and learning were considered marks of a well-bred man and worthy of reward". Indeed, Pennsylvanias first constitution stated that all who believed in God and agreed to live peacefully under the civil government would in no way be molested or prejudiced for their religious persuasion of practice. A Greek-speaking majority lived in the Greek peninsula and islands, western Anatolia, major cities, and some coastal areas. Friedman is acutely aware of the thin line between soap opera and sarcasm. Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces; see, The Ottomans sometimes called their state the "Empire of. [246] Roman sailing vessels navigated the Mediterranean as well as the major rivers of the Empire, including the Guadalquivir, Ebro, Rhne, Rhine, Tiber and Nile. As a result of discussions at the Peace Conference, a small group of British and American diplomats and scholars met on May 30, 1919, at the Hotel Majestic in Paris. [aa] Rejection of the state religion became tantamount to treason against the emperor. Using money from NASA, the US Air Force, and ARPA, Douglas Engelbart invented the mouse and hypertext-based collaboration tools in the mid-1960s and 1970s while at Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International), first publicly demonstrated in 1968 in what is now known as The Mother of All Demos. [167], Communities with demonstrated loyalty to Rome retained their own laws, could collect their own taxes locally, and in exceptional cases were exempt from Roman taxation. [214], The primary source of direct tax revenue was individuals, who paid a poll tax and a tax on their land, construed as a tax on its produce or productive capacity. His poetry and collected letters offer a unique view of life in late Roman Gaul from the perspective of a man who "survived the end of his world".[534]. [476], Literary texts were often shared aloud at meals or with reading groups. All corporate executive members have opportunities to hear speakers, including foreign heads of state, chairmen and CEOs of multinational corporations, and U.S. officials and Congressmen. [308] Small farmers benefited from the development of local markets in towns and trade centres. Intensive large-scale miningof alluvial deposits, and by means of open-cast mining and underground miningtook place from the reign of Augustus up to the early 3rd century AD, when the instability of the Empire disrupted production. It rescheduled a meeting in Palo Alto regarding his vision of a computer network, which he imagined as an electronic commons open to all, the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals. [525] The three leading writersSeneca the philosopher, dramatist, and tutor of Nero; Lucan, his nephew, who turned Caesar's civil war into an epic poem; and the novelist Petronius (Satyricon)all committed suicide after incurring the emperor's displeasure. A January 2015 issue of Newsweek magazine featured an article detailing reports of sexism and misogyny in Silicon Valley. [101], According to the jurist Gaius, the essential distinction in the Roman "law of persons" was that all human beings were either free (liberi) or slaves (servi). Technical, engineering, design, and administrative staffs were in large part[71] well compensated. As an urban lifestyle came to be associated with decadence, the Church formally discouraged gluttony,[339] and hunting and pastoralism were seen as simple, virtuous ways of life. Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley. [487], Primary education in reading, writing, and arithmetic might take place at home for privileged children whose parents hired or bought a teacher. [411] Clothed in the toga or military regalia, the body communicates rank or sphere of activity, not the characteristics of the individual. Roman law facilitated the acquisition of wealth by a pro-Roman elite who found their new privileges as citizens to be advantageous. highly qualified highly skilled highly trained highly-skilled Adj. [181] Romans of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD were encouraged by imperial propaganda to "inculcate the habits of peacetime". Critical mass had been reached in the hundred years between 150 and 250 when Christianity moved from less than 50,000 to over a million adherents. Guilds (collegia) and corporations (corpora) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking, sharing sound business practices, and a willingness to work. Find 12 ways to say LEGAL EXPERT, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus.. Synonyms for expert in Free Thesaurus.Antonyms for expert. [397], In the 2nd century, emperors and men of status are often portrayed wearing the pallium, an originally Greek mantle (himation) folded tightly around the body. The death rate exceeded the birth rate and a constant in-migration of new residents was necessary to maintain the urban population. Examples of Roman paintings can be found in a few palaces (mostly found in Rome and surroundings), in many catacombs and in some villas such as the villa of Livia. [l] A Roman woman kept her own family name (nomen) for life. In general, honestiores were the members of the three higher "orders," along with certain military officers. He not only knocked off a bias patch of skin, but gave me a couple of black eyes that kept me at home for a week. After the 1680s, with many more churches and clerical bodies emerging, religion in New England became more organized and attendance more uniformly enforced. Rome suffered a long series of internal conflicts, conspiracies, and civil wars from the late second century BC onward, while greatly extending its power beyond Italy. [59] After the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world. who confess and acknowledge the one almighty and eternal God to be the creator, upholder, and ruler of the world. a great power) long before it had an emperor. Visiting fellows are prohibited from applying for membership until they have completed their fellowship tenure. The senatorial elite were involved heavily in private lending, both as creditors and borrowers, making loans from their personal fortunes on the basis of social connections. [72] Martial and the epic poet Statius, whose poetry collection Silvae had a far-reaching influence on Renaissance literature,[526] wrote during the reign of Domitian. [141] Any future children of a freedman would be born free, with full rights of citizenship. [491], Quintilian provides the most extensive theory of primary education in Latin literature. [491] School could be held regularly in a rented space, or in any available public niche, even outdoors. [394] Other garments could be layered over the tunic. Tertullian considered the pallium an appropriate garment both for Christians, in contrast to the toga, and for educated people, since it was associated with philosophers. Under the Republic, provincial governors and tax farmers could exploit local populations for personal gain more freely. 79 synonyms for That is, a double standard was in place: a married woman could have sex only with her husband, but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute, slave, or person of marginalized status. The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international relations. [5][2], In 1922, Gay, who was a former dean of the Harvard Business School and director of the Shipping Board during the war, spearheaded the Council's efforts to begin publication of a magazine that would be the "authoritative" source on foreign policy. [349] The local ruling elite were responsible for sponsoring spectacles and arena events, which both enhanced their status and drained their resources. This income and range of assets will support a middle-class lifestyle in Silicon Valley. Today, more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide. Between 1680 and 1760 Anglicanism and Congregationalism, an offshoot of the English Puritan movement, established themselves as the main organized denominations in the majority of the colonies. Even in Boston, which was more highly populated and dominated by the Congregational Church, one inhabitant complained in 1632 that the fellows which keepe hogges all weeke preach on the Sabboth. [363], Throughout his 40-year reign, Augustus presented eight gladiator shows in which a total of 10,000 men fought, as well as 26 staged beast hunts that resulted in the deaths of 3,500 animals. Their faith influenced the way they treated Indians, and they were the first to issue a public condemnation of slavery in America. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. [154] Decurions were so vital for the functioning of cities that in the later Empire, as the ranks of the town councils became depleted, those who had risen to the Senate were encouraged by the central government to give up their seats and return to their hometowns, in an effort to sustain civic life. [9], The CFR has two types of membership: life membership; and term membership, which lasts for 5 years and is available only to those between the ages of 30 and 36. However, even if educated, parents who struggled academically and do not think highly of formalized education may have negative attitudes toward education that can still hinder the child academically. In Europe, Catholic and Protestant nations often persecuted or forbade each other's religions, and British colonists frequently maintained restrictions against Catholics. [353], The chariot teams were known by the colours they wore, with the Blues and Greens the most popular. This page is designed for educators using our guide. In turn, as the colonies became more settled, the influence of the clergy and their churches grew. [82] The last reference to Galatian was made by Cyril of Scythopolis, claiming that an evil spirit had possessed a monk and rendered him able to speak only in Galatian,[k] while the last reference to Gaulish in France was made by Gregory of Tours between 560 and 575, noting that a shrine in Auvergne which "is called Vasso Galatae in the Gallic tongue" was destroyed and burnt to the ground. At the same time, however, Celtic traditions were reinterpreted (interpretatio romana) within the context of Imperial theology, and a new Gallo-Roman religion coalesced, with its capital at the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls in Lugdunum (present-day Lyon, France). [203] Because Roman government officials were few in number, a provincial who needed help with a legal dispute or criminal case might seek out any Roman perceived to have some official capacity, such as a procurator or a military officer, including centurions down to the lowly stationarii or military police. [139] A slave who had acquired libertas was a libertus ("freed person," feminine liberta) in relation to his former master, who then became his patron (patronus): the two parties continued to have customary and legal obligations to each other. The meetinghouse, which served secular functions as well as religious, was a small wood building located in the center of town. [143] A senator's son belonged to the ordo senatorius, but he had to qualify on his own merits for admission to the Senate itself. [73] The Financial Post called Silicon Valley the most expensive U.S. housing region. [4]:26 It was divided into four functional topic groups: economic and financial; security and armaments; territorial; and political. [263] Finished garments might be retailed by their sales agents, who travelled to potential customers, or by vestiarii, clothing dealers who were mostly freedmen; or they might be peddled by itinerant merchants. [94] As of April 2015 experienced women were engaged in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women's perspectives in funding of startups. Mobs physically attacked members of the sect, breaking up prayer meetings and sometimes beating participants. [493], At the age of 14, upperclass males made their rite of passage into adulthood, and began to learn leadership roles in political, religious, and military life through mentoring from a senior member of their family or a family friend. [355] Racing was perilous, but charioteers were among the most celebrated and well-compensated athletes. [211] Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain the military,[212] and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if the army captured a surplus of booty. [48], Epidemics were common in the ancient world, and occasional pandemics in the Roman Empire killed millions of people. 'If he was forced to, he spoke in Galatian'. to apply a steady voltage or current to (the input of an active device). Her influence put her into conflict with the bishop of Alexandria, Cyril, who may have been implicated in her violent death in 415 at the hands of a Christian mob. [13] Hadrian's Wall, which separated the Roman world from what was perceived as an ever-present barbarian threat, is the primary surviving monument of this effort. In regard to Italy, "there can be little doubt that the lower classes of Pompeii, Herculaneum and other provincial towns of the Roman Empire enjoyed a high standard of living not equaled again in Western Europe until the 19th century AD". Her influence was advertised by having her letters on official matters published, as a sign that the emperor was reasonable in his exercise of authority and listened to his people. The vast Roman territories were organized in senatorial and imperial provinces except Italy, which continued to serve as a metropole. [210] The tax code was "bewildering" in its complicated system of direct and indirect taxes, some paid in cash and some in kind. The common people who lacked this access could manifest their general approval or displeasure as a group at the games held in large venues. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. [ac] One way that Rome promoted stability among diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage, building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion. [76], Several references to Gaulish in late antiquity may indicate that it continued to be spoken. The term Silicon Valley is often used as a synecdoche for the American high-technology economic sector. A vocabulary list featuring 1000 words to an educated vocabulary PT I. I feel that mastering these words would give me the required vocabulary of an educated person. Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012. It was reported to be under fire from its own members and dozens of international affairs experts over its acceptance of a $12 million gift to fund an internship program. The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international relations.Founded in 1921, it is a nonprofit organization that is independent and nonpartisan.CFR is based in New York City, with an additional office in Massachusetts.Its membership has included senior politicians, numerous secretaries of state, [159], Work performed by slaves falls into five general categories: domestic, with epitaphs recording at least 55 different household jobs; imperial or public service; urban crafts and services; agriculture; and mining. Of course, when a student posts a split-second video of the gesture, that sarcasm is lost amid viral context collapse. Silicon Valley was born through the intersection of several contributing factors including a skilled science research base housed in area universities, plentiful venture capital, and steady U.S. Department of Defense spending. People sat on hard wooden benches for most of the day, which was how long the church services usually lasted. interpretation.[517]. Synonyms educated learned well-read knowing knowledgeable 4. educated adjective. The total of the legions would later be increased again and for the next 300 years always be a little above or below 30. ['nldbl'] highly educated; having extensive information or understanding. [12], In 2019, it was criticized for accepting a donation from Len Blavatnik, a Ukrainian-born English billionaire with close links to Vladimir Putin. [89]:4,7 This was the lowest percentage in the state. Clergy and buildings belonging to both the Catholic and Puritan religions were subsidized by a general tax. We oppose any move which would put a profit motive above the educational mission in the public funding of higher education in Scotland.. [259], Inscriptions record 268 different occupations in the city of Rome, and 85 in Pompeii. Alexandria, the second-largest city, imported wine from Laodicea in Syria and the Aegean. Lou's valedictory has been acclaimed, without sarcasm, as baseball's Gettysburg Address. On the hit TV show Friends, the character Chandler Bing can never help himself from being sarcastic. [91] The two decades of civil war from which Augustus rose to sole power left traditional society in Rome in a state of confusion and upheaval,[92] but did not effect an immediate redistribution of wealth and social power. Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor is a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering. [15], The council received a three star rating (out of a possible four stars) from Charity Navigator in fiscal year 2016, as measured by their analysis of the council's financial data and "accountability and transparency".[16]. [564] After the succession of the Russian Tsardom by the Russian Empire, ruled by the House of Romanov, this ended in the Russian Revolution of 1917 when Bolshevik revolutionaries toppled the monarchy.[565]. [566] He even launched an invasion of Otranto, located in Southern Italy, with the purpose of re-uniting the Empire, which was aborted by his death. [106] In August, Apple reported that 80% of its global tech staff was male and that, in the U.S., 54% of its tech jobs were staffed by Caucasians and 23% by Asians. Most heavily fortified borders were the members of the colonial Anglican elite responded to their presence with force and. Known from Roman Britain, including 10s of thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley News! 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