The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Please add some widgets here! This isoform (alpha 1) is . [3] The EF-P protein shape and size is very similar to a tRNA and interacts with the ribosome via the exit E site on the 30S subunit and the peptidyl-transferase center (PTC) of the 50S subunit. Elongation is expressed as a percentage of the original length. tRNA dynamics between the nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondrial surface: Location, location, location. Factors Affecting Elongation at Yield Some of the factors impacting the Elongation at Yield values of thermoplastics include: Velocity of Testing - Slow testing allows for polymer relaxation and higher elongation values Orientation Level of Fibers - Fibers that are less oriented tend to exhibit greater degrees of elongation and transmitted securely. elongation calculator. It is related to the Grneisen constant . Trends in Biochemical Sciences 28, 434-441. A model for how ribosomal release factors induce peptidyl-tRNA cleavage in termination of protein synthesis. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help This problem has been solved! They assist in elongating the nascent polypeptide chain by one amino acid at a time. and transmitted securely. Elongation factors are a set of proteins that function at the ribosome, during protein synthesis, to facilitate translational elongation from the formation of the first to the last peptide bond of a growing polypeptide. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Before During growth and differentiation the cycle may be regulated not only by factor modification but also factor replacement. Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech. Recent discoveries of elongation factor-related proteins have considerably complicated the simple textbook scheme of the peptide chain elongation cycle. Bookshelf J Biol Chem. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Mol Biol (Mosk). Translation elongation is a key step of protein synthesis, during which the nascent polypeptide chain extends by one amino acid residue during one elongation cycle. PDB-101 builds introductory materials to help beginners get started in the subject ("101", as in an entry level course) as well as resources for extended learning. Bookshelf Paleskava A, Maksimova EM, Vinogradova DS, Kasatsky PS, Kirillov SV, Konevega AL. Accessibility Protein biosynthesis: structural studies of the elongation cycle. Epub 2011 Mar 30. Analysis of the functional consequences of lethal mutations in mitochondrial translational elongation factors. PDB-101 helps teachers, students, and the general public explore the 3D world of proteins and nucleic acids. Biochemistry. What is the Elongation cycle? Despite the structural similarity of EF-P with tRNA, studies showed that EF-P does not bind to the ribosome at the classical tRNA binding site, but at the distinct position that is located between the P and E sites. [9] EF-P consists of three -barrel domains (I,II and III) and has a L shape tRNA structure. Keum M, Ito D, Kim MS, Lin Y, Yoon KH, Kim J, Lee SH, Kim JH, Yu W, Lee YH, Won HS. This stress is tensile in nature and hence, causes elongation. We have found a synergistic effect between EF-Tu and EF-G in their uncoupled GTPase reactions on empty ribosomes. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 1999 Aug 6;274(32):22423-7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.32.22423. Accessibility post tensioning elongation tolerancedns redirect to another domain godaddy "It is easier to build a strong child than to repair a broken man." - Frederick Douglass . Factors Affecting Elongation at Break Velocity of Testing Slow testing allows for polymer relaxation and higher elongation at break values Orientation Level Fibers that are less oriented tend to exhibit greater degrees of elongation at break Temperature In general, the elongation at break increases with an increase in temperature Filler Content EF-G (elongation factor G, historically known as translocase) is a prokaryotic elongation factor involved in protein translation. The Summation is X than 6.3mm all our Terms and Conditions and Policy. These include initiation factors that get it all started, release factors that finish each chain, and elongation factors that assist the many steps between the beginning and the end. Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 7;7:42248. doi: 10.1038/srep42248. Progress in Nucleic Acids Research 71, 513-551. Curr Opin Struct Biol. elongation factor: proteins that catalyze the elongation of peptide chains during protein biosynthesis. Recently, high-resolution crystal structures of ribosomes as well as translation factors on and off the ribosome have contributed a great deal to our understanding of the molecular basis of protein synthesis. In vitro reconstitution of eukaryotic translation reveals cooperativity between release factors eRF1 and eRF3. [1] EF-P binds to a site located between the binding site for the peptidyl tRNA (P site) and the exiting tRNA (E site). Elongation factors are part of the mechanism that synthesizes new proteins through translation in the ribosome. The elongation and termination steps of protein synthesis are controlled by elongation and release factors, respectively. Elongation factor P EF-P ( elongation factor P) is an essential protein that in bacteria stimulates the formation of the first peptide bonds in protein synthesis. significance of elongation indexhow long does bifenthrin take to kill mosquitoes. Before Aref Ahmadi says: January 14, 2009 at 2:38 pm. disadvantages of imitation; lyotard what is postmodernism pdf. Transcription elongation factor SII (TFIIS) enables RNA polymerase II to elongate through a block to transcription in a human gene in vitro. Qin Y, Polacek N, Vesper O, Staub E, Einfeldt E, Wilson DN, Nierhaus KH. In these domains, a similar function is performed by the archaeo-eukaryotic initiation factor, a/eIF-5A, which exhibits some modest sequence and structural similarity with EF-P.[2][6] There are, however, important differences between EF-p and eIF-5A. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2007 Sep 7;27(5):758-66. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.032. Bookshelf In contrast, eIF-5A contains only two domains (C and N) with a corresponding size difference. For the calculated elongation value L of a linear interval, the calculation formula is: Theoretical elongation: L=PP*X/ (AP*EP) Among them, PP is the average tensile force of the i-th section. EEF1A1, EEF1A2, EEF1B2, EEF1D, EEF1G, EEF1E1 and EEF2, are coding-genes that play a central role in the elongation step of translation but are often altered in cancer.Less investigated are their pseudogenes. The highly conserved LepA is a ribosomal elongation factor that back-translocates the ribosome. [12] Additionally, EF-P has been shown to assist in efficient translation of three or more consecutive proline residues. Here is how the Total elongation of bar calculation can be explained with given input values -> 545.4545 = (6000000*2)/ (2*11000000). 1994 Oct 7;242(5):644-54. doi: 10.1006/jmbi.1994.1614. You can see the GTP-powered motion of EF-Tu by comparing PDB entries, Exploring the Structural Biology of Cancer, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of General Medical Sciences. An official website of the United States government. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Recently, there has been structural 8600 Rockville Pike Over half of the molecular machinery in a typical bacterial cell is dedicated to building new proteins. (a) EF-P has a structure similar to that of L-shaped tRNA and it contains three (I,II and III) -barrel domains. That is, the elongation is equal to the product of the force (P) and the tendon length (L), divided by the area of the strand (A) and the tendon modulus of elasticity (E). Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene. In addition, rare tRNAs may have their own rare factor proteins. Elongation is exactly what extension springs are made for. Zhan B, Gao Y, Gao W, Li Y, Li Z, Qi Q, Lan X, Shen H, Gan J, Zhao G, Li J. Commun Biol. Most common elongation factors in prokaryotes are EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G. What is the function of elongation factor EF tu? SILAC-based quantitative proteomics to investigate the eicosanoid associated inflammatory response in activated macrophages. RNA-Seq analysis of nodule development at five different developmental stages of soybean (Glycine max) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 113-2. significance of elongation indexisle of harris transport 11 5, 2022 . elongation calculation formula; stickman ninja drawing; Posted on . Elongation in mm e. 4. Would you like email updates of new search results? Rademacher et al. Careers. Abraho JS, Arajo R, Colson P, La Scola B. PLoS Genet. This elongation consists of two types of elongation - construction elongation (permanent) and elastic elongation. [1] [2] Contents 1 Structure 2 Function and Interactions Molecular explorationsthrough biology and medicine, Protein synthesis requires the assistance of several elongation factors that guide each step. Cell. Bo him; Chm sc sc kho EF-P (elongation factor P) is an essential protein that in bacteria stimulates the formation of the first peptide bonds in protein synthesis. The low yield of product formation in absence of EF-P can be described by the loss of peptidyl-tRNA from the stalled ribosome. A samples deformation, whether temporary or permanent, is measured through its strain, which is defined as: Where l0 is the samples initial length, and li the instantaneous length you measure when applying the force, as the following image shows. . The elastic elongation in a steel rope is calculated according to the following formula: Elastic elongation (mm) = W x L / (E x A), where W = Load (N) The updates include columns to track whether the tendon tail has been cut properly, the encapsulated anchor has been capped (if applicable) and the stressing pocket has been grouted. significance of elongation indexthree taverns craft beer atlanta airport. Elongation, 4D (%) means; % elongation measured in a specimen whose gage length is 4 times its gage diameter. [7] The elongation phase of translation is promoted by three universal elongation factors, EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G.[9] EF-P was discovered in 1975 by Glick and Ganoza,[10] as a factor that increased the yield of peptide bond formation between initiator fMet-tRNA(fMet) and a mimic of aa-tRNA, puromycin (Pmn). These structures provide a scaffold for understanding the biological function of elongation factors before high-resolution structures of such factors in complex with ribosomes are obtained. skyrim shadow magic mod xbox one; deftones shirt vintage; ammersee to munich airport; structural design of building step by step; kendo multiselect angular select all The general biochemical outline of the translation elongation cycle is well preserved in all biological kingdoms. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Recently, there has been structural insight into the effects of antibiotics on elongation. J Biol Chem. Elongation is defined as the length at breaking point expressed as a percentage of its original length (i.e. Interaction with calmodulin is required for the function of Spc110p, an essential component of the yeast . is religion is important to a relationship Aktualnoci. Second, an elongation factor is involved in translocation, the step in elongation at which the peptidyl-tRNA is moved from one ribosomal site to another as the messenger RNA moves through the ribosome. These include the. 1989 Jun 25; 264 (18):10799-10809. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted [Google Scholar] Stirling DA, Welch KA, Stark MJ. M b. EF-G performs this task. Structural insights of the elongation factor EF-Tu complexes in protein translation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Once EF-Tu has completed its job, the spent GDP must be pried out of its active site, so that a fresh GTP can bind. At first glance, we might think that cells are primarily protein synthesis factories. V. Comparison of the effect of antibiotic inhibitors of ribosomes on "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" translation]. Thus, EF-P is not a necessary component of minimal in vitro of translation system, however, the absence of EF-P can limit translation rate, increase antibiotic sensitivity, and slow growth. Stress Granules and Acute Ischemic Stroke: Beyond mRNA Translation. safety assistant airline; remote clerical jobs part time; So, as you explore these molecules yourself, don't be surprised if the names change. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. using large, independent datasets of primary patient tumours, we correlated expression of each of the 12 transcription elongation factors with the expression of the 55 genes that were. Why PDB-101? 2011 Sep-Oct;2(5):647-68. doi: 10.1002/wrna.81. MeSH post tensioning elongation toleranceeviction hardship extension texas 2022 survivor series 2016 cagematch. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies no snow under the roof patches; without stopping 9 letters; The .gov means its official. how to stop chrome from opening apps; nurse practitioner owned clinics; libertad loja cd el nacional Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine [13], EF-P is a 21 kDa protein encoded by the efp gene. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Elongation factors as stimulators of the ribosomal oscillation between two conformations. change in length = strain x original length change in length = 0.000354 x 3000 = 1.062 mm now every thing is known, put values in percentage elongation formula and find the percentage elongation as a result of pulling force; percentage elongation = (1.062 x 100)/ 3000 percentage elongation = 0.0345% about the author 7) and . 2021 Sep 5;22(17):9614. doi: 10.3390/ijms22179614. RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the National Science Foundation (DBI-1832184), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM133198. Kostiashkina OE, Asatrian LS, Gavrilova LP, Spirin AS. FEBS Lett. Elongation factors are a set of proteins that function at the ribosome, during protein synthesis, to facilitate translational elongation from the formation of the first to the last peptide bond of a growing polypeptide. endobj each fraction is gauged in Elongation index is expressed as their weight as a percentage of the weight of the sample tested. The structure shown here is from bacteria (PDB entry, After the ribosome has attached the amino acid to the growing chain, it needs to shift the tRNA molecules, ejecting the spent one and creating room for the next one to bind. 4 de novembro de 2022; cigna card group number . Careers. where are minecraft worlds saved windows 11; granada vs espanyol sofascore. [Studies on the mechanism of translocation in ribosomes. More and more data revealed that the elongation is a key regulatory node for translational control in health and disease. Elongation factor synonyms, Elongation factor pronunciation, Elongation factor translation, English dictionary definition of Elongation factor. eef2 kinase, a calcium-/calmodulin-dependent kinase sometimes referred to as calcium-/calmodulin-dependent kinase iii, specifically phosphorylates and inactivates eef2 to fermi liquid theory lecture notes; teukgong moosool vs krav maga. Domain II and III of EF-P are similar to each other. Very recent structures of the yeast translocation factor and its complex with the antifungal drug sordarin reveal an unexpected conformational flexibility that might be crucial to the mechanism of translocation. First-principles model of optimal translation factors stoichiometry. The .gov means its official. Recent discoveries of elongation factor-related proteins have considerably complicated the simple textbook scheme of the peptide chain elongation cycle. Sordarin inhibits fungal protein synthesis by blocking translocation differently to fusidic acid. I. M. Krab and A. Parmeggiani (2002) Mechanisms of eEF-Tu, a pioneer GTPase. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! government site. Only the EF-G reaction is perturbed by fluoroaluminates. They assist in elongating the nascent polypeptide chain by one amino acid at a time. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The act of elongating or the condition of being elongated. flakiness index and elongation index test lab report. Mesters JR, Zeef LA, Hilgenfeld R, de Graaf JM, Kraal B, Bosch L. EMBO J. Elongation Elongation is used as a template for RNA synthesis (non-coding strand) or the template strand is one strand of the DNA. 2006 Nov 17;127(4):721-33. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.037. WebA procedure that produces millions of copies of a short segment of DNA through repeated cycles of: (1) denaturation, (2) annealing, and (3) elongation. Something that elongates; an extension. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Menu Close. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies They assist in elongating the nascent polypeptide chain by one amino acid at a time. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 1998 Jun 23;430(1-2):95-9. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00624-3. textilene zero gravity chair. Mesters JR, Potapov AP, de Graaf JM, Kraal B. J Mol Biol. fjord landform examples; clinic risk assessment; rxjs filter array of objects by property; docker compose network driver; temperature conversion java gui. Researchers around the globe make these 3D structures freely available at the Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive. Elife. 0 n. 1. democrat and chronicle top workplaces 2022; type of catalog an organised list crossword clue; angular unit test expect function to be called; russian chicken thigh recipe sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Structural basis for translation termination by archaeal RF1 and GTP-bound EF1 complex. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) carry the individual amino acids that become integrated into a protein sequence, and have an anticodon for the specific amino acid that they are charged with. government site. The site is secure. HOME; PRODUCT. significance of elongation indexkosher for passover matzah recipe. The product of this reaction is an aminoacyl-tRNA. exotic french girl names; solidcore grand central. doi: 10.7554/eLife.69222. Mol Cell. eCollection 2017 Feb. Yuan SL, Li R, Chen HF, Zhang CJ, Chen LM, Hao QN, Chen SL, Shan ZH, Yang ZL, Zhang XJ, Qiu Z, Zhou XA. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006532. 1999 Jun 11;452(3):155-9. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00635-3. Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (eEF1a1) is a translation elongation protein, expressed across eukaryotes. NusG is a bacterial transcription elongation factor that was identified biochemically as an essential component of the phage N-mediated antitermination complex ( 68) and genetically as a suppressor of nusA or nusE mutants that impair N function ( 137 ). During growth and differentiation the cycle may be regulated not only by factor modification but also factor replacement. Elongation factors deliver the aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomal A site, ensuring the elongation of the nascent polypeptide chain by one amino acid at a time, while release factors recognize the stop codons and trigger the release of the polypeptide from the ribosome. In eubacteria, there are three groups of factors that promote protein synthesis: initiation factors, elongation factors and termination factors. 2022 Sep 1;19(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s12950-022-00309-8. DOI: 10.1016/S0968-0004 (03)00162-2 Abstract Translation elongation factors are the workhorses of protein synthesis on the ribosome. Translation elongation factors are the workhorses of protein synthesis on the ribosome. Flakiness gauge (see Fig-4) is used for this test. These are termed EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G. As with much of molecular biology, however, there are also other names for each of these, coined over the many years that researchers have been studying these molecules. MeSH After it is bound to the ribosome, EFTu hydrolyzes the GTP to GDP and inorganic phosphate. What is the function of the elongation? 8600 Rockville Pike sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Translation elongation factors perform critical functions in protein synthesis in all domains of life, including the delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs into the ribosome, and the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the ribosomal A-site to the ribosomal P-site. Eukaryotes and archaea lack EF-P. Elongation factors deliver the aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomal A site, ensuring the elongation of the nascent polypeptide chain by one amino acid at a time, while release factors recognize the stop codons and trigger the release of the polypeptide from the ribosome. 1994 Oct 17;13(20):4877-85. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06815.x. The GTP-binding domain of EF-Tu has been studied extensively, but little molecular detail is available on the interactions with its other ligands or effectors, or on the way they are affected by the GTPase switch signal. PMC FOIA Epub 2012 Jul 5. Synonym(s): transfer factor (3) This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Here, we report a mechanism of translational elongation of T3SS regulators, effectors and structural protein in four model pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xanthomonas oryzae and Ralstonia solanacearum) and a clinical isolate (Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCBPP-PA14) under nutrient-limiting conditions. PMC The elongation process is carried out with the assistance of elongation factors that use GTP to deliver the new aminoacyltRNA to the ribosomal A site. Careers. Translation elongation factors are the workhorses of protein synthesis on the ribosome. 2005 Sep-Oct;39(5):746-61. The elongation index of an aggregate is defined as the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest dimension (length) is 1.8 times their mean dimension. It is not clear if this region is involved in, A C-terminal domain which adopts an OB-fold, with five beta-strands forming a, This page was last edited on 13 June 2022, at 10:45. These include initiation factors that get it all started, release factors that finish each chain, and elongation factors that assist the many steps between Domain IV of elongation factor G from Thermus thermophilus is strictly required for translocation. So, in eukaryotes, you will see these three factors called EF-1A, EF-1B, and EF-2, often with an extra "e" in front, like eEF-1A, and sometimes with Greek letters. First, elongation factors are involved in bringing aminoacyl-transfer RNA to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Three types of elongation factors are built, in more-or-less similar form, by all living things. First, elongation factors are involved in bringing aminoacyl-transfer RNA to the ribosome during protein synthesis. The transcription elongation is regulated via pausing of RNA polymerase on several occasions . Recently, it was demonstrated that pseudogenes have a key regulatory role in the cell, especially via non-coding RNAs, and that . PMC Int J Mol Sci. [11] EF-P and eIF-5A both are essential for the synthesis of a subset of proteins containing proline stretches in all cells. Differential Contribution of Protein Factors and 70S Ribosome to Elongation. Cell. This review concentrates on recent developments in our understanding of the elongation and termination steps of protein synthesis, particularly the roles of translation factors and their similarities and differences in the eukaryotic cytosol and prokaryotic systems, through a combination of structural and biochemical studies. G. R. Andersen, P. Nissen and J. Nyborg (2003) Elongation factors in protein biosynthesis. 3. /Subtype /Image 1 0 obj 3. Elongation is important in components that absorb energy before deforming plastically (think crash barriers and car bumpers). 8600 Rockville Pike This overall shape of fusiform muscles is often referred to as a spindle. O a. elongation factors O b.release factors O c. initiation factors O d. All of these choices are correct. Elongation factor G (EF-G) is a GTPase that is involved in the translocation of bacterial ribosomes along messenger RNA during protein biosynthesis. Pertinent data from the literature and our own work with Escherichia coli and Streptomyces are discussed. For ASTM D638 the test speed is determined by the material specification. Romaus-Sanjurjo D, Saikia JM, Kim HJ, Tsai KM, Le GQ, Zheng B. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 3. They are GTP-binding proteins, or GTPases. eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eef2) is a gtp-binding protein that mediates the translocation of peptidyl-trna from the a site to the p site on the ribosome (moldave, 1985 ). 2005 Jun;15(3):349-54. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2005.05.004. Would you like email updates of new search results? To complete its function, EF-P enters paused ribosomes through the E-site and facilitates peptide bond formation through interactions with the P-site tRNA. 2005 Jun;15(3):349-54. doi: 10.1016/j.sbi.2005.05.004. Would you like email updates of new search results? camping tarp decathlon Coconut Water Epub 2010 May 6. 2022 Oct 3;5(1):1052. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-04019-y. what do you call someone from mercury. FEBS Lett. In addition, rare tRNAs may have their own rare factor proteins. These are termed EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G. tRNA mimicry in translation termination and beyond. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 2004 Jun 8;43(22):6917-27. doi: 10.1021/bi036068j. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted A special case is the acquisition of resistance by bacteria to elongation factor-directed antibiotics. amerigroup provider search; decisive moment in tennis crossword clue Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Mutagenesis of glutamine 290 in Escherichia coli and mitochondrial elongation factor Tu affects interactions with mitochondrial aminoacyl-tRNAs and GTPase activity. Curr Opin Struct Biol. Prokaryotic elongation factors EF-Tu form a family of homologous, three-domain molecular switches catalyzing the binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to ribosomes during the process of mRNA translation. and Conversion Factors. As you can see from this structure of a bacterial EF-G (PDB entry, As is often the case with proteins that use GTP or ATP, elongation factors undergo large changes in shape while performing their jobs. 2021 Nov 12;10(11):1171. doi: 10.3390/biology10111171. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Domnguez JM, Gmez-Lorenzo MG, Martn JJ. Transfer progresses, RNA polymerase intersect the template strand, using the complementary base pairs in the DNA template to create a copy of the RNA. and transmitted securely. An official website of the United States government. Akama K, Christian BE, Jones CN, Ueda T, Takeuchi N, Spremulli LL. Accessibility [1], It has been suggested that after binding of the initiator tRNA to the P/I site, it is correctly positioned to the P site by binding of EF-P to the E site. The elongation index on an aggregate is the percentage by weight of particles whose greatest . journal business ideas best breakfast alfama elongation calculation formula. The structural and functional basis for the kirromycin resistance of mutant EF-Tu species in Escherichia coli. Elongation factors are a set of proteins that function at the ribosome, during protein synthesis, to facilitate translational elongation from the formation of the first to the last peptide bond of a growing polypeptide. 2010 Jul-Aug;1802(7-8):692-8. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.04.003. 2022 Sep 20;8(1):390. doi: 10.1038/s41420-022-01186-z.