Indeed, growing a complete muscle tissue with its network of membranes and filaments requires a complex system with multiple cell types growing in an organized manner, and a structure with a replicated blood vessel network (Stephens et al. Anticipated reductions include in particular targeted tissue cultivation, higher production rates, growth medium recycling and vertical production systems. These numbers are significant, but they rely on speculative assumptions about the production of cultured meat. Nature 451:990993, Kenigsberg JA, Zivotofsky AZ (2020) A Jewish religious perspective on cellular agriculture. Wilks and Philips (2017), Slade (2018) and Tucker (2014) report that males are, on average, more willing to try cultured meat. Although this fear may sometimes be expressed colloquially as a hot-blooded critique of capitalism and outright rejection of technology,Footnote 13 it should be taken seriously. In this way, the resource use and the process itself might be more efficient in some ways, Technology For Lab Grown Meat May Be Showing Improvement In Some Ways. Scaffolding and hydrogels may contain bovine collagen. This hypothesis reminds us of the complexity and diversity of psycho-sociological attitudes towards meat. First of all, economists can combine the existing research based on a life-cycle analysis with a benefitcost analysis. The only procedure that can generate pain concerns the biopsies on animals to collect the cells in the early stage of the production process, but this pain is arguably trivial compared to the usual pain inflicted on farm animals.Footnote 21 To date, we are not aware of any solid proposal arguing that cultured meat may not drastically decrease animal suffering in this world. In their study, the authors hypothesized a system in which animal embryonic stem cells are grown in a cylindrical stirred tank bioreactor, in a medium of cyanobacteria hydrolysate, vitamins and animal growth factors.Footnote 17. Moreover, cultured meat may find a market beyond standard food markets. Meat consumption can play a role in chronic disease. Cell-based meats are environment friendly in the context of greenhouse gas production, less prone to contamination of infectious pathogens compared with livestock animals. Its production may however require a lot of energy, thus linking issues of food, agriculture and land use with those of climate, the environment and energy. Finally, we must recall the wide heterogeneity of tastes of consumers, both within and across countries. Finally, we note that cultured meat raises moral but also very practical issues in terms of religion. Further, cultured meat does not rely on the exploitation and slaughter of animals, and thus has strong moral implications. Another important issue affecting the commercialization and distribution of cultivated meat is cost. http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-c/salt02.pdf, Schaefer GO, Savulescu J (2014) The ethics of producing in vitro meat. The reasons for the failure of supply side strategies are multiple. This impact is difficult to anticipate. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'bettermeetsreality_com-narrow-sky-2','ezslot_16',135,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bettermeetsreality_com-narrow-sky-2-0'); [What is also clear, is that cultured meat is decreasing in cost per pound over time, and there are some optimistic views that with new factors such as a more efficient bioreactor and a distributed manufacturing model, cellular agriculture will become very competitive with animal and traditional agriculture] (fastcompany.com), There Are Possibly Better, Cheaper & More Effective Ways To Produce Food For The Human Population. Environ Sci Technol 49(19):1194111949, McDonald BNJ, Vivalt E (2018) Effective strategies for overcoming the naturalistic heuristic: experimental evidence on consumer acceptance of clean meat. In addition, there are more sustainable and ethical forms of agriculture than the mass intensive CAFCO farms you might hear about in the US. Pros & Cons Of Lab Grown/Cultured Meat (Benefits & Disadvantages), potential negative sustainability/environmental effects, we already produce enough food for the worlds population, The claimed causes of world hunger and food security are caused by problems, There are potential benefits of land based agriculture to consider, conventional farm agriculture used to produce animal meat in a traditional way, still needs energy and other resource inputs to produce (when comparing it to other meat production options), Potential Negative Sustainability/Environmental Effects, environmental, sustainability, and animal ethics/morality effects of livestock agriculture and conventional meat production to consider, fertilizers, pesticides, manure, greenhouse gases and general degradation of fertile top soil and land, cruelty and morality concerns with farming animals for food and animal products, Beef in particular can have a range of issues, already exists plant based meat products as an alternative to lab grown meat and real meat, plant based meat products may come with their own set of potential pros and cons to consider, renewable (such as solar, wind, water etc. Swine and avian flu repeatedly occur in the farming industry (Espinosa et al. Am Econ Rev 102:131166, Acemoglu D, Akcigit U, Celik MA (2020) Radical and incremental innovation: the role of firms, managers and innovators. This is sometimes referred to as a cleaner meat than livestock farmed meat, Lab grown meat can minimise some risks associated with animal farming, Such as animal diseases, antibiotics, and growth hormones, Lab grown meat can be more consistent in terms of quality. There can be a lack of trust between consumers and companies and rightfully so people want to keep these companies accountable. As explained by Hamdan et al. One common fear is that the worlds protein production sector will become even more concentrated. We will briefly discuss each of these questions, in the hope that this paper mayat the very leastencourage an emerging body of economic research. Appetite 56:447450, Salt HS (1917) The logic of the larder. 2018). However, there is a problem The EU authorization application procedure includes a risk assessment stage, and requires that cultured animal products and production are proven safe by the applicants (usually companies). More generally, farms are numerous and scattered, making regulation difficult. Indeed, their study showed three times higher energy use compared to previous studies, which was explained by the steam cleaning, different composition of growth medium and different bioreactor design (Tuomisto 2018). Lab Grown Meat Might Have Some Of The Same Ethical Concerns As GMOs. Two nonprofit organizations, New Harvest, and later, the Good Food Institute, have been key players in supporting the research and development (R&D) of cultured meat. First, stem cells are taken from muscle tissue or embryos and are expanded and then differentiated into muscle cells. Lab grown meat needs about 50 litres of growth medium to produce a single beef burger, and probably uses a lot of energy for the factories/labs that produce it (veganaustralia.org.au). By the end of 2019, 55 companies worldwide were working on it. Many more high-skilled jobs in this knowledge economy are expected to be created in the near future.Footnote 16 That is, the perspective of producing food differently, without exploiting animals, may create a myriad of economic opportunities that are difficult to anticipate today. This technique has largely focused on medical applications, such as regenerative medicine, and non-animal in vitro models used in toxicology and drug development. For instance, there is still a positive correlation between CAP subsidies and pollution at the level of farms (Kirsch et al. Although there are currently no cultivated meat products available for widespread commercial distribution, several companies, including Future Meat and Upside Foods plan to have offerings on sale within a few years. Lab grown meat needs growth medium from animals, and livestock need feed from crops. For the moment, the major part of the effort and the funding comes from private investors, who are often wealthy billionaires, as mentioned before. Lab grown meat is seen as one way to create more food to feed the worlds people that still go hungry, Minimise Negative Effects Of Livestock Agriculture (environmental, sustainable use of resources, moral/ethical). We must reiterate here that animal agriculture is often essential for the subsistence for farmers in poor countries, and that it is less sensitive to weather compared to plant productions. What about the impact of cultured meat on the supply chain? 2019). One major political uncertainty remains, which concerns the ability of the conventional sector to manufacture doubt about the innovation in order to reduce its acceptance. She then concludes that it is likely that cultured meat can achieve price parity with mainstream conventional meat once produced at an industrial scale. From an environmental viewpoint, plant-based food options seem to systematically dominate conventional meat, as well as the cultured meat alternatives (see Fig. 4, and some supply side issues in Sect. Food systems urgently need to address growing worldwide food insecurity while meeting consumer demand for protein sources that are healthy, humane, and environmentally friendly. Given that the satisfaction of meat consumers may induce strong political pressure, it seems unlikely that regulators in poor countries have the societal license to implement an aggressive supply- and/or demand-side policy to curb this trend, at any time in the near future. The frog that was used as the cell donor was present at the performance dinner, possibly illustrating the fact that one can eat meat without killing. If there is concern over GHG emissions and other environmental issues it might make more sense to focus on these sectors first, rather than food and agriculture.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'bettermeetsreality_com-sky-3','ezslot_23',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bettermeetsreality_com-sky-3-0'); Although methane and nitrous oxide are generally most abundant from agricultural activities compared to other sectors so, theres some validity here. Second, we argue that it is likely that the introduction of the innovation willin the coming decadesinduce more, rather than less, competition in the sector. Editions Le Bord de lEau, Post MJ (2014) Cultured beef: medical technology to produce food. In particular, this paper includes a prospective discussion on the demand and supply of cultured meat. Those kind of numbers are game changers and practically scream for wholesale adoption of the technology. Theres studies that link meats to various diseases. Using a life cycle analysis approach, they derive data from a large meta-analysis, covering 38,600 farms and hundreds of food operators. It is widely recognized that conventional meat production generates important negative externalities. Comparatively, transport, electricity generation, and industry produce almost 80% of total GHGs combined (theconversation.com). Although other tissues are also present in conventional meat, skeletal muscle and fat cells are considered the minimum required components of cultivated meat.[8]. Lab-Grown Meat is not affordable to produce. Using previously mentioned life cycle assessment studies as sources of data, Lynch and Pierrehumbert (2019) compare the GHG emissions of cultured meat production to three different beef production systems. People often lack the cooking skills and social support for dietary change, and perceive meat eating as normal, natural and necessary (Piazza et al. 2020). In: Mimeo, Moerbeek H, Casimir G (2005) Gender differences in consumers acceptance of genetically modified foods. (2017) and Chriki and Hocquette (2020), it is not clear for Islam/Judaism if cultured meat is halal/kosher. A meta-analysis of European research. 2018). In Vitro Meat Production. (2018), INRA (2017), IPBES (2019), IPCC (2019), Searchinger et al. Related to the point above, the process behind food regulation takes a long time. While the industry is still in the early stages of technological development and faces significant obstacles to achieving widespread availability, cultivated meat holds promise for upending the conventional meat production paradigm and eventually replacing the cruelest and most environmentally damaging forms of animal farming. 2020 ). Cultured meat is often presented as a form of cruelty-free agriculture, since no animals are slaughtered to obtain meat. It could be months or years before you see cultured meat on store shelves or in restaurants. like livestock agriculture does), Technology for lab grown meat is consistently improving, Potential to have an animal origin free in the future, Might make use of renewable energy in the future, Lab grown meat can be modified for beneficial purposes, Some cultured meat can be produced far quicker than conventional farming, Can minimize some risks associated with animal farming, Can produce more consistent meats, and more consistent quality meats, May be available in some supermarkets soon, Some prices are steadily getting more affordable, The need for lab grown meat is questioned given that we already produce enough food for the worlds population, The causes of world hunger are caused by different problems compared to the solutions that lab grown meat presents, Currently not affordable for everyone production cost has been a major barrier thus far, There are possibly better, cheaper and more effective ways to produce food for the human population, If focusing on decreasing air pollution and greenhouse gases focusing on improvements in the energy generation and transport sectors could be smarter and more effective, Lab grown meat does not yet prevent the use of animals for meat, Lab grown meat is currently no different to growing feed for livestock (which is very inefficient), The positive impact of land based agriculture is probably not talked about enough, Some sustainable, organic, open pasture and other types of livestock farming may actually be better environmentally and from a sustainability perspective compared to lab grown meat, Lab grown meat has some of the same ethical concerns as GMOs, The taste of some lab grown meat products is not to some peoples liking at this point in time, Proper nutrition can be a question for some lab grown meat products, May remove some existing land based livestock agriculture jobs from the economy, Some people just dont have a preference for lab grown meat, Lab grown meat can use a lot of resources and have a significant environmental footprint in some instances, Some people argue that investment in lab grown meat should be put into plant based and vegetarian type diets which have a higher feeding capacity and provide many benefits meats do not, There might be future potential issues over marketing, labeling and regulations around lab grown meat, Plant based artificial meat faces some current challenges. It's real meat, but it doesn't require animals to be slaughtered the way traditional meat does. If a significant share of the future meat market includes cultured meat, large changes in land usage and crop production are expected, thus affecting prices, with further impacts on economic incentives and so on. On animal welfare grounds, then, in vitro meat seems like a clear win as it has the potential to eliminate or greatly reduce the need for factory farms. The Good Food Institute. Proc Natl Acad Sci 116(40):1985719862, Tucker CA (2014) The significance of sensory appeal for reduced meat consumption. That is, they show that those who perceive cultured meat positively do indeed change their ethical beliefs, consistent with cognitive dissonance theory. As previously discussed, the large majority of infectious diseases originate in animals. Lab Grown Meat Does Not Yet Prevent The Use Of Animals For Meat. Currently, a few hundred people work full-time in cultured meat companies. This figure represents the three main stages of the production of cultured meat. 2020), the developing world is still far from this critical level. ), We can already feed a population of 10 billion people with the worlds current food production supply, The Claimed Causes Of World Hunger & Food Security Are Caused By Problems, are some of the the main reasons people go hungry in some regions of the world, moving towards more plant based diets (or diets with less meat, dairy and animal products) make better use of resources, and are cheaper, more effective, quicker to implement and healthier than what lab grown meat can offer as a food source (both in the present and future), several plant based meat substitutes on the market, lab grown diamonds that still need carbon seed material from pre-existing diamonds to be formed and grown, There Are Potential Benefits Of Land Based Agriculture To Consider, the potential pros and cons of sustainable farming, Plant based and vegetarian diets may have a higher feeding capacity, Lab Grown Diamonds vs Mined Diamonds: Comparison, & Differences, Finding The Best Lab Grown Diamonds: Reviews, & Buyer Tips, Privacy Policy, Cookie Policy, GDPR & CCPA Notice. But research is going full-steam ahead, and public opinion is subject to change. As is common in philosophy, we purposely separate here the discussion of life/death from that of suffering. The current economic literature on this topic is essentially nonexistent. During the discussion, we have identified several research topics for economists. In the early 2000s, scientific interest in cultivated meat continued to grow, and the Dutch government funded projects to further the developing field. Until now, the literature on the demand side has mostly consisted of studies on consumers acceptance, by means of either experimental, survey or focus group studies. Advocates of cultured meat say it's much less likely to be infected by E. coli bacteria (which lives in animal poop) and other contaminants you might find in a meat processing plant. In: Kac E (ed) Signs of life: bio art and beyond. Non-existent creatures do not have interests, and thus cannot be objects of moral obligation. Given, also, the rate of progress of knowledge on this issue, it may likely become rapidly out-of-date.Footnote 3. Moreover, the confusion seems even less likely in the case of cultured meat, since the marketing strategy of cultured meat producers is precisely based on the fact that the product is not meat. Companies must develop scalable processes that are cost-effective. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'bettermeetsreality_com-netboard-1','ezslot_17',133,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-bettermeetsreality_com-netboard-1-0'); The Need For Lab Grown Meat Is Questioned By Some. Third, the cells are then transferred to a scaffold to grow these into muscle fibres and larger tissue. J Sci Food Agric 94(6):10391041, Post MJ, Levenberg S, Kaplan DL et al (2020) Scientific, sustainability and regulatory challenges of cultured meat. The meat is grown in a bioreactor and then combined with plant based ingredients. This innovation has the potential to revolutionize the meat industry, with wide implications for the environment, health and animal welfare. Finally, we conclude with some remarks about the main purpose of this paper, which is to stimulate some economic research on cultured meat. Typically, it is less sensitive to external (e.g., weather) conditions than conventional meat production. They compute the environmental impacts of about 40 food products over five dimensions: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, land and water use, acidification, and eutrophication. Additionally, cultivated meat production will need to scale up quickly if it is to meaningfully address the urgent issues of environmental destruction, animal exploitation, and food insecurity in conventional meat production. Sorry, I disagree with the Cons red herrings, mostly. Rev Econ Stud 69:729747, Wegst U et al (2015) Bioinspired structural materials. Environmental Degradation, & Use Of Resources, Use of land and water is a sustainability concern (we would presumably save a lot of land and water via irrigation and other uses by switching to primarily lab grown meats), and there are pollution concerns to soil, air and water sources from fertilizers, pesticides, manure, greenhouse gases and general degradation of fertile top soil and land. Note finally that cultured meat also raises questions for the religions that tend to encourage vegetarianism, such as Buddhism or Jainism. It also discusses some early results on the environmental impacts of cultured meat, emphasizing the promises (e.g., regarding the reduction in land use) but also the uncertainties. We now briefly discuss some R&D issues. 2008; Rohr et al. Some food experts indeed consider that cultured meat has the potential to drastically reduce environmental externalities (Gasteratos 2019). In other words, there are opportunities to optimize the production of cultured meat in ways that reduce GHG emissions (World Economic Forum 2019). Although lab-grown. Researchers are looking for alternatives to traditional meat because farming . As lab grown meat technology advances, taste and texture, and other aspects of the prodcut may improve. Given the widening disparities in food equity and access, the impacts of climate change, and the animal cruelty inherent in intensive farming practices, it is evident that the prevailing conventional approaches to food production require replacement. These intensive systems have failed to address hunger and food insecurity while exacting a high cost in environmental damage and animal cruelty. Overall, a full-fledged analysis of the various trade-offs requires an integrated approach properly connecting agricultural, food, land use, environmental and energy issues. It has been estimated, for instance, that animal farming is responsible for more than 85% of the Amazonian deforestation (Godfray et al. First, as we said above, a radical innovation is more risky, and likely involves more information asymmetry, so that private financial markets may imperfectly manage these frictions. 2020).Footnote 7 Most startups are currently located in the US and the EU, with few additional ones located in Israel and in Asia (Rubio et al. By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Seniors Taking Multiple Meds: Its a Complicated Problem, 3 COVID Scenarios That Could Spell Trouble for the Fall, Colonoscopy Benefits Lower Than Expected (Study), Dr. Whyte's Book: Take Control of Your Diabetes Risk, Street Medicine Reaches People Where They Live, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Becoming a Vegetarian: Foods to Choose From. In his 2003 project, Disembodied Cuisine, he managed to culture cells from a frog and presented them as tiny frog steaks during a dinner at a museum in Nantes, France (Catts and Zurr 2007).Footnote 6. Lab grown meat needs growth medium from animals, and livestock need feed from crops. 2015). Likewise, the population densities of wild animals on agricultural land are typically lower than those in forests. Would free up space and resources for other uses. Environ Resour Econ 4:126, Foley JA et al (2011) Solutions for a cultivated planet. Consumers are increasingly concerned about industrial agricultures environmental, health, and animal welfare costs. Harvard Library, Harvard, Godfray C et al (2018) Meat consumption, health and the environment. As a novel product, cultured meat requires a regulatory framework. In these processes, they are exposed to enzymes and nutrient baths that promote growth and differentiation into muscle or fat cells, depending on the cell line used. J Relig Health. [14] There are also several technical challenges in replicating particular features of meat, including fat marbling, color, and the integration of multiple cell types. J Agric Environ Ethics 15:505511, Mattick CS, Landis AE, Allenby BR, Genovese NJ (2015) Anticipatory life cycle analysis of in vitro biomass cultivation for cultured meat production in the United States. Anim Cogn 20:127147, Markandya A, Taylor T, Longo A, Murty MN, Murty S, Dhavala K (2008) Counting the cost of vulture declinean appraisal of the human health and other benefits of vultures in India. In addition, many members of the Hindu, Muslim, and Jewish religions aren't sure whether cultured meat could comply with the dietary laws of their faiths. Here, the overall tradeoff is well known: low protection discourages innovations, but high protection generates monopoly power and discourages innovation spillover (Boldrin and Levine 2008). 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