Edward VIII wished to marry American Wallis Simpson. The novel made a major impact - such that it contributed the phrase 'Big Brother' to the language - and was seen as an attack on the Soviet Union. State-paid fees and maintenance were designed to help increase the percentage of working-class students. A combination of factors, including faulty intelligence about German strength and bad weather, resulted in failure. Iraq now has a democratically elected government, but the country remains deeply unstable as a result of the deliberate stoking of sectarian tensions by terrorist groups. He died six months later. On 11 December, he broadcast his decision to the nation. Ten men, including Sands, starved themselves to death, while 61 people were killed outside the prison in related violence. 2 March: Concorde, the world's first supersonic airliner, makes its maiden flight, 15 February: Decimalised currency replaces 'pounds, shillings and pence', 25 July: World's first test-tube baby is born in Oldham, 12 March: 12-month 'Miners' Strike' over pit closures begins, Tim Berners-Lee invents the World Wide Web, 6 May: Channel Tunnel opens, linking London and Paris by rail, 1 July: Britain hands Hong Kong back to China, after more than 150 years of British rule, Copyright Mandy Barrow 2013 The Irish Civil War made the Irish Free State a reality. Over half of the 55,000 Asians expelled from Uganda came to Britain and many settled permanently. 27 October: Parliament approves old age pensions 30 September: Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin, 20 January: George V dies and is succeeded by Edward VIII, 5 October: Jarrow men march 300 miles to London to highlight poverty and mass unemployment (as high as 70%) in the north east of England. In response, the Allies gave French general Ferdinand Foch overall responsibility for coordinating their armies on the Western Front. In order to tackle his party's minority status following the 'hung parliament' produced by the general election of February 1974, Harold Wilson called a new election, which he won with a small overall majority. Gandhi was promised dominion status for India, but it was rejected by the INC because he had failed to consult its minority leaders. It would allow the Allies to outflank German border defences, opening the way for an advance into Germany and an early end to the war. The campaign in Norway ended when the German invasion of France and the Low Countries changed the focus of the war. Three of these conferences took place from 1930-1933, the last of which failed to include any Indian members. It was eventually halted east of Amiens, France. At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, Allied leaders allocated more resources to the battle. Once the champion of armed opposition to the Irish Free State, amon De Valera now rose to lead it with this general election victory. Prime Minister Tony Blair's second term came to be dominated by controversial foreign policy issues, mainly the 'war on terror' begun after the terror attacks in the United States on 11 September. Despite the cost in lives, Churchill could not allow the fleet to become a threat to British naval dominance in the Mediterranean. When the command of 14th Army passed to Lieutenant General William Slim, he imbued it with a new fighting spirit and developed a strategy of air support that allowed besieged positions to hold out against Japanese assault. 1900 . By the end of D-Day, five beachheads were secured, and the Allies had a foothold in France. While working at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, Alexander Fleming noticed that a mould growing on a dish had stopped bacteria developing. It was a disaster. Liberal Party and Wales 1832 to 1979. Women could now become magistrates, solicitors and barristers. The Atlantic Charter, agreed by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and US President Franklin Roosevelt, set out the principles that would shape the struggle against German aggression. Peter Blake's collage for the album cover has become iconic. Mohandas Gandhi of the Indian Congress Party asked Indians to use non-violent civil disobedience in protest against the act, and to refuse to cooperate with the British government. Reflecting their dependence on Irish Nationalist votes in the House of Commons, the Liberals proposed 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The two countries were united in their suspicion of Germany's ambitions. He became the fourth Conservative prime minister since 1951. The rally was broken up by police, and troops and tanks were deployed on Clydeside. The Representation of the People Act enfranchised all men over the age of 21, and propertied women over 30. The decision of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to recognise the king of Italy as emperor of Ethiopia following the Italians' unprovoked invasion was a concession too far for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, who resigned. Allied forces were utterly overwhelmed by the German 'blitzkrieg' in France. The Taleban, who had allowed the terrorist organisation al-Qaeda to use Afghanistan as a base, was overthrown and replaced with a US-backed administration. Britain had taken the decision not to defend the Channel Islands in the event of a German invasion. They failed and the campaign prompted the United States, the principal neutral power, to declare war on Germany on 6 April 1917. On 21 July there were four more attempted suicide bombings in London, but none of the devices exploded. This agreement reconciled British and French imperial interests, particularly in Africa, but also marked the end of centuries of intermittent conflict and paved the way for future diplomatic and military cooperation. The rise of militarist regimes across Europe meant that by 1933 the idea of 'collective security' was looking increasingly unworkable. Liberal Party and England 1832 to 1979. Read more. This was a major blow to the Conservatives' reputation for economic competence, but it relieved pressure on Britain's economy by ensuring that the currency could float independently. The pro-treaty faction under Michael Collins accepted partition and believed the treaty would eventually lead to a republic. There were three types of schools - grammar, secondary modern and technical, entrance to which was determined by the '11 plus' examination. The fifth Reform Act brought in by the Conservative government altered the 1918 Representation of the People Act, which had only allowed women over 30 who owned property to be enfranchised. The assemblies first met in 1999, with the Scottish Parliament, but not the Welsh Assembly, gaining tax-varying powers. Winston Churchill was by now 80 and his health was declining. Despite significant opposition at home, the British government gave military support to the controversial United States-led invasion of Iraq. With his government fatally compromised, Lloyd George resigned. A British Expeditionary Force (BEF) of over 100,000 men was sent to repel the German invasion of France. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. The British passenger liner 'Lusitania' was torpedoed by a German submarine and sank with the loss of 1,200 lives. A The collapse of the Round Table talks led to further mass non-cooperation in India. An agreement between Northern Ireland's nationalists and unionists was reached after 30 years of conflict, as a result British government negotiations and US pressure on Sinn Fin, the political wing of the Irish Republican Army. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher narrowly escaped the blast. Two hundred children were left fatherless in an area of North Wales where a 40% unemployment rate had already caused widespread poverty. Managed by Caboodle UX design studio in London, Conservative Party votes from 1832 to 1979, Conservative Party support in England 1832 to 1979, Conservative Party support in Wales 1832 to 1979, Conservative Party support in Scotland 1832 to 1979, Conservative Party candidates 1832 to 1979, Female Conservative candidates 1918 to 1979, Labour Party's support in England 1900 to 1979, Labour Party support in Wales 1900 to 1979, Percentage support for the Scottish National Party 1929 to 1979, Votes for the Communist Party 1922 to 1979, Turnout at general elections 1832 to 1979, Number of candidates at elections 1832 to 1979, Decline of the Liberal Party 1900 to 1918. They hoped to drive the western Allies out of Berlin. After the vote of no confidence that saw Stanley Baldwin resign as prime minister, the leader of the largest opposition party, Ramsay Macdonald, was called on to form a minority Labour government. Read more. A distinguished lawyer who had been a member of the Governor General's Council in India, Sir Satyenda Prassano Sinha had been knighted in 1914 for his services to the British government. The following day was officially celebrated in Britain as Victory in Europe Day. The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was founded by six women, of whom Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst soon became the most prominent. Fifty nine nations took part, but the defeated powers of Germany and Japan were excluded. In March 1943, after a 'blackout' of several months, German U-boat ciphers were once again broken, allowing the new resources to be deployed to devastating effect. The abolition of the death penalty for murder - one of the few remaining crimes for which capital punishment could still be handed down - effectively meant the final abolition of the death penalty. On 1 September, German forces invaded Poland. -. Air Marshall Arthur Harris took command of the Royal Air Force's bomber force in February 1942. Grafted on to the act was a limited plan for unemployment benefit drawn up by Winston Churchill. The first British soldier, Gunner Robert Curtis (aged 20), was killed in Northern Ireland's 'Troubles' by the self-styled 'Irish Republican Army' (IRA). The battle continued until mid-October. The Act was in response to the severe London smog of 1952, which killed more than 4,000 people. Social values were lacerated by Osborne's play and in the novels 'Room at the Top' (1957) by John Braine, 'Saturday Night and Sunday Morning' (1958) by Alan Sillitoe, and 'This Sporting Life' (1960) by David Storey. The results were Conservative and Coalition Liberals 509, Labour 72, Independent Liberals (former Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith's followers) 36, others 27. The structure and charter of the organisation were established at another conference in San Francisco. The Royal Navy's Operation Dynamo succeeded in evacuating approximately 338,000 British and French troops in destroyers and hundreds of 'little ships' - volunteers who sailed to France in their own vessels - over a period of ten days, while under constant attack from the Luftwaffe (German air force). In Britain, unemployment had peaked just below three million by 1932. The Rowlatt Act extended wartime 'emergency measures', such as detention without trial. However, the wind was not favourable, and gains were limited. The subsequent conflict cost the lives of 655 Argentine and 255 British servicemen, many of them sailors who died during attacks on Royal Navy warships. A large crowd attending a Sikh religious festival in defiance of British martial law was fired on without warning by troops under the command of Brigadier General Reginald Dyer. On 4 August, Ugandan President Idi Amin gave his country's Asian population just 90 days to leave, claiming god had told him to do it in a dream. A financial panic began as the stock market began to fall. The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Isles to be occupied during the war. British troops had been sent to Northern Ireland in 1969 in a 'limited operation' to restore law and order. Abolition of RPM opened the way to the rise of supermarkets and the transformation of the retail industry. The British executed the leaders, inadvertently making martyrs of the rebels and inspiring those who followed. The fleet was grounded in 2000 after Concorde's first and only major fatal accident in July of that year. It was by far the most powerful battleship afloat, and raised the stakes in the Anglo-German naval arms race. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain still hoped to avoid declaring war on Germany, but a threatened revolt in the cabinet and strong public feeling that Hitler should be confronted forced him to honour the Anglo-Polish Treaty. By then, unusually heavy rains and the destruction of the landscape by heavy shelling had turned the ground to an impassable morass of mud. why so many soldiers survived the trenches. Adolf Hitler committed suicide on 30 April as Soviet forces closed in on his Berlin bunker. Harold Wilson's resignation after 13 years as Labour leader and nearly eight as prime minister was completely unexpected, and has never been properly explained. The opening of the M6 Preston bypass by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was the first stage in the motorway system. In addition to making Ireland a de facto republic, the constitution laid claim to the whole of Ireland, including Ulster. The others were Harold (Kim) Philby, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross. 8 November: Death penalty is abolished But in 1922, Tory backbenchers overruled their own party leader andvoted to leave the coalition, resuming independence as Conservatives. The act created a bicameral parliament, with power shared between British and Indian politicians (the so-called 'diarchy'), but the most important ministries were held by Britons. The bombing by Irish Republican Army terrorists of the Grand Hotel Brighton during the Conservative Party conference killed five and left more than 30 injured. In the same year, Mohandas Gandhi attended a Round Table conference as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress (INC). The Taff Vale Railway Company successfully sued a trade union, the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, for the costs of industrial action taken by its members. Britain was at war with Germany for the second time in 25 years. These sales cut government expenditure, by bringing in large sums of money and by reducing the need for state subsidies. The Labour Party expelled Macdonald for what was perceived as treachery. Frustrated at the lack of progress on women's rights, their activities soon became more confrontational, and included prison hunger strikes. After a short but stunning bombardment, the Germans attacked across the old Somme battlefields and made the greatest advance on the Western Front since 1914. Paris fell on 14 June and France capitulated on 25 June. An armistice was agreed in July 1953 and Korea was partitioned. By early May, Chamberlain had lost the confidence of the House of Commons. Plaid Cymru and British Politics. The large number of simultaneous strikes, the violence and perceived mean-mindedness of the picketing (which included the turning away of ambulances) created a sense of alarm in the electorate about the decline of British society. In fact, it would come to be a clear demonstration that appeasement did not work, as by March 1939 Hitler had seized the rest of Czechoslovakia. The electorate increased to 21 million, of which 8 million were women, but it excluded working class women who mostly failed the property qualification. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. It began in March 1981. The crowd of between 7,000 and 10,000 people had been marching in protest at the policy of detention without trial. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald called a general electionto seek legitimacy for his 'national government' coalition. Manage Settings About 70,000 men were taken prisoner, many of whom would not survive the war due to the brutal conditions of their incarceration. The Festival sought to sustain a mood of post-war optimism and confidence - or at least interest - in new solutions. 12 July: Comprehensive education system is introduced. A controversial figure in life, Diana's death in a car crash in Paris provoked widespread public mourning. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised him that the British people would not accept her because she was a divorcee. He wrote the first web browser the following year, and went on to found the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 1994. Crucially, the action was not backed by a United Nations mandate, sparking debate over the legality of the invasion. India was regarded as the most valuable British imperial possession. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pitted her personal authority against that of the militant socialist president of the National Union of Mineworkers, Arthur Scargill. The civil war was ignited by the Anglo-Irish Peace Treaty, which created a partitioned Irish 'Free State' within the British Empire. In all, 140,000 people perished. It is believed that similar promises were made to the Arabs prior to the publication of the Balfour Declaration in correspondence between Sir Arthur Henry McMahon, British high commissioner in Egypt, and the Hashemite Hussein Ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca. Stanley Baldwin became prime minister after Ramsay Macdonald resigned due to ill health. Women at Oxford University are allowed to receive degrees The dominant artistic mood of the Festival was neo-Romantic, apt for the traditionalist 1950s, although the Royal Festival Hall itself was a Modernistic work. Already fighting Russia, Germany now faced a trench-based war of attrition on two fronts. He was returned to power with 556 pro-national government MPs, of which 471 were Conservatives. He had fallen in love with a married American woman, Wallis Simpson. Find out more about how the BBC is covering the. 15 August: India gains independence from Britain. Edward VIII wished to marry American Wallis Simpson. The marchers attracted considerable public sympathy, but the crusade ultimately made little real impact. Three tunnels - two for trains and one for service - lie an average of 40m below the sea bed. He became Baron Sinha of Raipur. Wilhelm II visited Tangier to demonstrate German opposition to France's assumption of suzerainty over Morocco, and to test the strength of the Anglo-French entente, which the Germans expected to crumble. The small Norwegian army mounted fierce resistance, with the help of 12,000 British and French troops. By the end of the Blitz, around 30,000 Londoners had been killed with another 50,000 injured. The Conservative campaign slogan 'you've never had it so good' reflected the growing affluence of the electorate. By May 1943, the Axis had been completely cleared out of North Africa. German forces had been utterly defeated by the end of April 1945. The following month, British and American aircraft began to airlift supplies to West Berliners. In May 1949, the Soviets backed down and lifted their blockade. This made British manufacturing industries uncompetitive, which in turn exacerbated the massive economic problems Britain was to face in the 1930s. A Franco-German settlement was negotiated, but the British were alarmed, fearing the Germans planned to turn Agadir into a naval base. Germany, in turn, hoped to persuade Britain to abandon the alliance. He and his wife Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother), became inspirational figures for Britain during World War Two. More than 1,130 Allied troops were killed and 6,000 captured. Margaret Thatcher was re-elected for an historic third term, with an overall majority of 101 - less than in 1983, but still significant. Beveridge's recommendations for the creation of a Welfare State were implemented by Clement Attlee after the war, including the creation of the National Health Service in 1948. The shift in seats, from 317 to 364, compared with 304 to 253, was more dramatic, leaving Harold Wilson, the Labour prime minister, with a much-improved majority of nearly 100. The implications for Britain, with a vulnerable empire stretching across the Middle East to India and including a large Muslim population, were considerable. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised him that the British people would not accept her because she was a divorcee. By the time the Allies broke through, casualties numbered more than 54,000 Allied and 20,000 Germans troops. Austria-Hungary used this 'blank cheque' to deliver an ultimatum to Serbia on 23 July, which was widely recognised as little more than a pretext for war. 360p LQ. The album was heavily influenced by the group's increasing use of drugs, and enjoyed immediate critical and popular success at the start of the 'psychedelic era'. Two of the dams were breached, but 53 of the 133 aircrew were killed. In total, there were more than 277,000 flights to deliver food, fuel and medicine. After a political battle within the British government, the IMF terms were accepted and imposed in December. In October, MI5 intercepted an apparently seditious letter from a Soviet official to British communists. It set out plans for devolved government and provided for the early release of terrorist prisoners and the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons. The charter was supported by 26 countries, including the Soviet Union, and after the war formed the basis of the United Nations Declaration. Cinema-going was immensely popular during the 1920s and 1930s and virtually every town, suburb and major housing development had at least one cinema. The country was renamed Ghana in the declaration of independence. Constance Markievicz became the first woman MP in 1918, but as a member of Sinn Fein she had refused to take her seat. He used Kohima and Imphal to break the Japanese in Burma and by June 1945, 14th Army had retaken Rangoon. More reforms were to be discussed in ten years. The crash of the American Wall Street financial markets in 1929 crippled the economies of the US and Europe, resulting in the Great Depression. Widespread British unease about the European single currency obliged Prime Minister Tony Blair, who was keen on the project, to stay out. Calder Hall, Britain's first nuclear power station - and the first in the world to supply substantial quantities of electricity to a national system - was opened by Elizabeth II. In February 1917, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was forced to abdicate after serious reverses in the war against Germany. The Conservatives had 376 seats (42.3 % of the vote), Labour 229 (30.8%) and Alliance 22 (22.5%). They and the Conservatives each secured 272 seats, and, with Labour supporting the Liberals, the Irish Nationalists held the balance of power. With the Ottoman army in retreat on three of its four fronts - in Bulgaria, Syria and Iraq - the Turks opened negotiations to surrender. Labour remained in government but its majority fell greatly, to only five seats, as the electorate's enthusiasm for Labour's post-war vision dwindled away. In 1918, a British force had been sent to Archangel in Russia to prevent Allied stores falling into Bolshevik or German hands and to take pressure off the Western Front after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk had taken Russia out of World War One. It paved the way for the privatisation of British Aerospace, Cable and Wireless, Britoil, the National Bus Company, British Airways, Rolls Royce, British Steel, British Telecom, the electricity-generating industry and the water companies. The Suez Crisis was sparked when Britain and France, allied with Israel, invaded Egypt over its decision to nationalise the Suez Canal - a vital waterway connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. Of those, 124 were American civilians, but despite strong pressure US President Woodrow Wilson declared that the United States was 'too proud to fight'. Very few of them saw their parents again. Gandhi was imprisoned from 1930-1931, as were approximately 60,000 others. 27 April: Olympic Games opens at White City in London A combined force of British, New Zealand, Australian and French colonial troops were unable to break out of their beachheads and the campaign ultimately ended in defeat, with all troops evacuated by the end of the year. In 1923, a dominion's right to make a treaty with a foreign power had been accepted. The Allies planned a series of coordinated offensives for 1916. 8 May: Britain celebrates the end of war on Victory in Europe Day. This explosion, which killed 266 men, was one of the worst disasters in British mining history. The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb terrorist, in Sarajevo. BBC 2014 The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. From January to July 1942 there was only one 24-hour period when no bombs fell on the island. The British lost more ships than the Germans, but the German fleet was rendered unable to put to sea again, thereby ensuring British naval supremacy remained intact. primaryhomeworkhelp.com, Woodlands Junior School, Hunt Road Tonbridge Kent TN10 4BB UK, 22 January: Victoria dies and is succeeded by her eldest son, 6 February: Armed with an overall majority, the Liberals embarked on a programme of social reform. 18 April: Republic of Ireland comes into being, 6 February: Elizabeth II succeeds her father, George VI, 25 April: Watson and Crick publish their discovery of the structure of DNA, 22 September: Commercial television starts with the first ITV broadcast, 17 October: Britain switches on its first nuclear power station - Calder Hall, 6 March: Ghana becomes the first British colony in Africa to gain independence. Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Tony Blair joined a party at the ill-starred Millennium Dome in Greenwich, east London.
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