Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Sustainability 9:18, Okamoto S, Eltis LD (2011) The biological occurrence and trafficking of cobalt. Soil microbes offer nutrient-dense nourishment improved crop production and recycle soil solutions. The nutrients present in soil microbes can help to remediate the contaminated soil so that your plants won't suffer as a consequence of unexpected problems. Environ Microbiol 13:551562, Kobayashi M, Matsuo Y, Takimoto A, Suzuki S, Maruo F, Shoun H (1996) Denitrification, a novel type of respiratory metabolism in fungal mitochondrion. The plant microbiota: systems-level insights and perspectives. And if utilized correctly, microorganisms can do a whole host of things which will ensure that our farms are sustainable for years to come. under different sowing environments. These microbes turn rocks, nitrogen in our atmosphere, into plant available food. Bacillus spp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0253-4_9, Kang SH, Singh S, Kim JY, Lee W, Mulchandani A, Chen W (2007) Bacteria metabolically engineered for enhanced phytochelatin production and cadmium accumulation. They have the capability to minimize chemical input impacts and accordingly intensify the quality and quantity of farm products. J Clean Prod 112:12581260, Meena RS, Gogaoi N, Kumar S (2017a) Alarming issues on agricultural crop production and environmental stresses. mBio 7:e00201e00216, Shahzad R, Muhammad W, Abdul K, Sajjad A, Muhammad K, Sang-Mo K, Byung-Wook Y, In-Jung L (2016) Seed-borne endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 produces gibberellins and regulates endogenous phytohormones of Oryza sativa. I. Endogenous gibberellins of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) stems and nodules. The beneficial microbes not only help with plant nov., a chitinolytic soil bacterium with the ability to grow on living fungal hyphae. Google Scholar, Coutinho R, Seeliger U (1984) The horizontal distribution of benthic algal flora in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil, in relation to salinity, substratum and wave. Microorganisms have potential roles to play in sustainable agricultural production due to their ability to promote plant growth and enhance biotic and abiotic stress resistance, remediate contaminated soils, recycle nutrients, manage soil fertility . Moreover, with the development of systems biology, and synthetic biology tools like (re)engineering genomes through homologous recombination systems, CRISPR/Cas9 showed great potential in promoting the efficiency of the microbial inoculants used in sustainable agriculture practices and their interaction with plants and other functional groups of soil microorganisms. Efforts to breed plants with traits that encourage symbiosis and cooperation with soil microbes is also being studied (4), which would further increase the effectiveness of sustainable microbe-based products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 51:2232, Lata H, Li XC, Silva B, Moraes RM, Halda-Alija L (2006) Identification of IAA-producing endophytic bacteria from micropropagated Echinacea plants using 16S rRNA sequencing. J Microb Biochem Technol 7:384393, Sihag SK, Singh MK, Meena RS, Naga S, Bahadur SR, Gaurav, Yadav RS (2015) Influences of spacing on growth and yield potential of dry direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Recent development has also exploited CRISPRCas to enhance the efficiency of genome editing in microbial systems to be used in agriculture and to perform strategic genetic knock-in to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters and improved metabolic output [72]. The interruption of the silencing step is a virulence policy of pathogens to endorse infection in the conquered hosts [83]. Future challenges and perspectives for applying microbial biotechnology in sustainable agriculture based on a better understanding of plant-microbiome interactions. The relation between soil microbes and plants works on positive or negative feedback mechanisms among each other based on the chemical environment. Rhizobia sp. He Y., Wu Z., Tu L., Han Y., Zhang G., Li C. Encapsulation and characterization of slow-release microbial fertilizer from the composites of bentonite and alginate. For different crop varieties, mixed microbial inoculants can be used, for this microbial consortia need to be crop-optimized over sequential inoculation in order to intensify microbial colonization as well as the plant beneficial properties. In: Meena et al (eds) Legumes for soil health and sustainable management. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 80:247257, Crowe JH, Hoekstra FA, Crowe LM (1992) Anhydrobiosis. Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture, Forestry, Ecology, and the Environment; Werner, D. Barret M., Tan H., Egan F., Morrissey J.P., Reen J., OGara F. 2013. Malays CoCo J 9:127133, Ivask A, Green T, Polyak B, Mor A, Kahru A, Virta M, Marks R (2007) Fibre-optic bacterial biosensors and their application for the analysis of bioavailable Hg and As in soils and sediments from Aznalcollar mining area in Spain. J Plant Growth Regul 20:387442, Mane P, Bhosle A (2012) Bioremoval of some metals by living algae Spirogyra sp. Also, healthier plants have tannic acid which upsets the digestion and reproductive system of many insects. What if I told you that earth worm castings prevent insect pressure in plants? National Library of Medicine For example, the introduction of commercial AM inoculants in the ecosystem may consider to harm the endemic AMF communities in the soil and it may seriously affect the ecosystem functioning [94]. If youre unfamiliar with the term, the gist of it is farming in a way that not only meets the needs of present-day humans but also ensures that future generations will be able to do the same. It is rather complicated that even upon the release of genetically altered microbial inoculants, it is difficult to predict the bacterial existence and persistence and also the expression of improvements in their traits. Plant Physiol Biochem 83:285291, Kumar P, Neha K, Dubey RC (2015) Isolation and identification of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas spp.) Am J Exp Agric 8(3):159166, Meena RS, Meena VS, Meena SK, Verma JP (2015b) The needs of healthy soils for a healthy world. Ecology 87:563569, Holan Z, Volesky B, Prasetyo I (1994) Biosorption of cadmium by biomass of marine algae. Here, we discuss the structure and diversity of soil microorganisms and their potential role in nutrient recycling, remediation of heavy metal from contaminated environments, plant growth promotion, stress tolerance, phytohormone production, etc. Most of them are neutral in relation to their effects on plants. Soil microbiome plays a key role in preserving soil chemical and biological balance, through beneficial interaction with plants. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India, Department of Agronomy, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India. Technol Soc 32:331335, Fabricio D, Carlos C, Lucangeli D, Bottini R, Patricia N (2001) Azospirillum spp. Some biofertilizers are reported to increase the nutritional properties of vegetables by enhancing the metabolic contents in those plants which contribute to antioxidant potentials in human health. Microbiome in the soil represents all types of microbes living in the soil ecosystems that include bacteria, fungi, archaea and protozoa. Modification of the plant microbial interaction system against microbial pathogens may be an interesting to improv the disease resistance in agricultural crops. The norm has become synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, its become aggressive over-tilling the soil to the point where massive stretches of farmland that should last for centuries are on the path to unusability. Sustainable agriculture means adopting farming practices that minimize the use of non-renewable resources (such as mineral phosphorous), limiting practices that remove nutrients from the soil, and utilizing farming methods that promote overall soil health (1). Recently introduced biotechnological approaches help to modify microbes that can be used to enhance bioremediation and phytoremediation of contaminated soil that can be used for agricultural production. Current agriculture practices such as using chemical fertilizers and pesticides are contributing an enormous amount of chemicals and groundwater pollution in the lands. 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Rashid, M.H., Kamruzzaman, M., Haque, A.N.A., Krehenbrink, M. (2019). Some PGPR species are highly selective and impact selected organisms which again causes inconsistency of quality and efficiency in field conditions [41]. J Plant Interact 9:556576, Grokinsky KD, Tafner R, Moreno MV, Stenglein SA, Garca de Salamone IE et al (2016) Cytokinin production by Pseudomonas fluorescens G20-18 determines biocontrol activity against Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. The genome editing capability of ZNF/TALEN is ruled by factors like the DNA-binding affinity, TALE proteins and specificity of the gathered zinc-finger. Through CRISPR/Cas, a Type II bacterial immune system has been seen in quite a few prokaryotes. InTech Open, Shanghai, pp 122, Colo J, Jafari H, Djuric S, Stamenov D, Hamidovi D (2014) Plant growth promotion rhizobacteria in onion production. Pellegrino E., pik M., Bonari E., Ercoli L. Responses of wheat to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: a meta-analysis of field studies from 1975 to 2013. Muhammad T., Zhang F., Zhang Y., Liang Y. RNA interference: a natural immune system of plants to counteract biotic stressors. The concept of sustainability is composed of three aspects, i.e. Ultimately, we hope that agronomists will use this research to develop plant varieties that make the most of the soil microbes they encounter. Microorganisms have potential roles to play in sustainable agricultural production due to their ability to promote plant growth and enhance biotic and abiotic stress resistance, remediate contaminated soils, recycle nutrients, manage soil fertility . The developments involved in biological technologies make it feasible to use microbes and their metabolites enrich the uptake of plant nutrients, crop yield, pest control, and alleviate stress responses in the plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:30193027, Vaishampayan A, Sinha RP, Hader DP, Dey AKT, Gupta U, Bhan A, Rao L (2001) Cyanobacterial biofertilizers in rice agriculture. In: Meena et al (eds) Legumes for soil health and sustainable management. In order to have optimum functionality of microbial inoculants in the field, a larger amount of inoculum is needed, which is practically not feasible [36]. Most of the microbial population remains in the rhizosphere zone, but some are able to penetrate and live inside plant tissues called endophytes [20]. from aqueous solution. Garca-Salamanca and co-authors revealed that bacteria belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria were predominant in the bulk soil, whereas, Gammaproteobacteria found prevalent in the rhizosphere in the study of microbial groups that inhabit maize plants cultivated in carbonate-rich soil with pH 8.5, via culture-independent PCR-based approaches [81]. J Appl Microbial 105:15361543, Williams TA, Szllosi GJ, Spang A, Foster PG, Heaps SE, Boussau B, Ettema TJG, Embley TM (2016) Integrative modeling of gene and genome evolution roots the archaeal tree of life. An illustration of various microbes involved in plant-microbial interaction. J Clean Prod 102:552553, Meena RS, Yadav RS, Meena H, Kumar S, Meena YK, Singh A (2015d) Towards the current need to enhance legume productivity and soil sustainability worldwide: a book review. Soil Microbes and Sustainable Agriculture. Saikia J., Sarma R.K., Dhandia R., Yadav A., Bharali R., Gupta V.K., Saikia R. Alleviation of drought stress in pulse crops with ACC deaminase producing rhizobacteria isolated from acidic soil of Northeast India. 22). Nature 541:353358, Zazmalov E, Murphy AS, Yang H, Hoyerov K, Hosek P (2010) Auxin transporters--why so many? The future of our agriculture industry is at hand, and its becoming clearer and clearer that soil microbes are the way forward for us. Time-course reports are also essential in monitoring inoculation results according to the buffering capability of the agro-ecosystem. Soil microbes play a major role in almost all ecosystem activities, such that microbial abundance and activity regulates the sustainable yield of agricultural lands, ecosystem resilience against nutrient mining, degradation of soil and water resources, and GHG emissions [47]. 14.5 Plant-Associated Soil Microbiome and Sustainable Agriculture A goal of sustainability is to look for competent methods of nutrient recycling, pathogens and pest control and the alleviation of negative effects of abiotic stress factors. In plant-microbial interactions, plants release root exudates to attract mutualistic microbes which could improve plant functions such as nutrient uptake, yield, stress resistance, etc. seed surrounding zone) pathogens [36]. Theyre probably not even aware enough of the potential problems to be able to actively ignore them. Pak J Biol Sci 6:17511752, Bae W, Mehra RK, Mulchandani A, Chen W (2001) Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for enhanced uptake and bioaccumulation of mercury. CRISPR-based different tools are used in chromatin engineering, gene regulation, single base editing, epigenetic editing, imaging, etc. Microbial inoculants are destined to be eco-friendly and sustainable plant nutrient transporters. Soils are habitats for major forms of life such as microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi) as well as insects, annelids, algae, and plants. Soil bacterial networks are less stable under drought than fungal networks. Mycorrhizal symbiosis with plant roots is relative, and their interaction favours N, P, and water uptake by the plant.
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