2021;72:105972. Q.3. 2013; Lang et al. 2020;477:402136. Jiaqi Tang, Xiaojie Tian, Enyang Mei, Mingliang He, Junwen Gao, Jun Yu, Min Xu, Jiali Liu, Lu Song, Xiufeng Li, Zhenyu Wang, Qingjie Guan, Zhigang Zhao, Chunming Wang, Qingyun Bu, WRKY53 negatively regulates rice cold tolerance at the booting stage by fine-tuning anther gibberellin levels, The Plant Cell, Volume 34, Issue 11, November 2022, Pages 44954515, https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac253. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15134. Annu Rev Plant Biol. [22], Centaurea cyanus requires full sun and neutral (pH 6.67.5) to mildly alkaline (pH 7.67.8), moist and well-drained soil. Changes in ABA levels in roots and leaves have been detected in high-salinity conditions. Great efforts have been made to increase carotenoid levels in food crops with enhanced nutritional value and health benefit (Wurtzel et al. Durek P, Schmidt R, Heazlewood JL, Jones A, MacLean D, Nagel A, et al. Examples include CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of CCD8 in tomato to develop host resistance to Broomrapes, a group of plant parasites that cause severe damage to crops (Bari et al. The structural unit, which provides energy to hold-up plant biomass, is named as carbohydrates/soluble sugar. Bai C, Capell T, Berman J, Medina V, Sandmann G, Christou P, et al. During salt stress, the cortical microtubules are first depolymerized and then reorganized. 2021). Assessing the photoprotective effectiveness of non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching: a new approach. As DNA demethylation controls fruit ripening (Zhong et al. The cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel (CNGC) and high-affinity potassium (K+) transporter (HKT1) are required for Na+ transport into the cell. The level of susceptibility or tolerance o The Plant Cell, Volume 34, Issue 11, November 2022, Pages 44954515, To further evaluate the potential of wrky53 for application in cold tolerance breeding, great putative application value for improving rice yield in natural rice production subjected to diverse biotic and abiotic stress. 2020;71:192842. 2015; Sun and Li 2020). 2010) and associated with PLB in an inactive form (Welsch et al. 3. Some of the growth promotion hormones can also play a role in stress response, such as SLs and BRs [64]. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2020.1866829. Blue cornflower petals are sometimes one of the ingredients in Lady Grey tea.[29]. Carreck N., Williams I. Carotenoids also contribute to the pigmentation of seeds, fruits, and flowers, which showed co-evolution with seed dispensers and pollinators. Estevez JM, Cantero A, Reindl A, Reichler S, Leon P. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, a limiting enzyme for plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. Havaux M. beta-Cyclocitral and derivatives: Emerging molecular signals serving multiple biological functions. A golden SNP in CmOr governs the fruit flesh color of melon (C ucumis melo). Drought-induced loss in crop yield probably exceeds losses from all other causes, since both the severity and duration of the stress are critical. This process has been extensively Beisel KG, Jahnke S, Hofmann D, Koppchen S, Schurr U, Matsubara S. Continuous turnover of carotenes and chlorophyll a in mature leaves of Arabidopsis revealed by 14CO2 pulse-chase labeling. The growth promotion hormones are composed of auxin, gibberellin (GA), cytokinins (CKs), brassinosteroids (BRs), and strigolactones (SLs). Martel C, Vrebalov J, Tafelmeyer P, Giovannoni JJ. Transcriptional regulation has long been the focus in understanding of the regulatory control of carotenogenesis. The HY5-PIF regulatory module coordinates light and temperature control of photosynthetic gene transcription. Recent studies identified a new CCD subfamily ZAS, common in most land plants, which cleaves zeaxanthin to produce zaxinone in regulating plant growth as well as strigolactone and ABA biosynthesis (Wang et al. Developmental signals also modulate the production of phytohormones. Plant cell-surface GIPC sphingolipids sense salt to trigger Ca, Feng W., Kita D., Peaucelle A., Cartwright H.N., Doan V., Duan Q., Liu M.-C., Maman J., Steinhorst L., Schmitz-Thom I., et al. J Exp Bot. Two types of environmental stresses are encountered to plants which can be categorized as (1) Abiotic stress and (2) Biotic stress. The path from beta-carotene to carlactone, a strigolactone-like plant hormone. Yazdani M, Sun Z, Yuan H, Zeng S, Thannhauser TW, Vrebalov J, et al. Regulation of cytoskeleton-associated protein activities: Linking cellular signals to plant cytoskeletal function. Carotenoids are essential for plants with diverse functions in photosynthesis, photoprotection, pigmentation, phytohormone synthesis, and signaling. Carotenoids are essential for plants with diverse functions in photosynthesis, photoprotection, pigmentation, phytohormone synthesis, and signaling. 2019;17:12750. Whether this kind of apocarotenoid-dependent RNA switch is a universal mechanism needs to be further investigated. 2006; Lopez et al. Significant progress has been made in cloning new genes by genetic and combined bioinformatics and biochemistry approaches. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.00384. [39][40] It was worn as a secret symbol identifying members of the then-illegal NSDAP in Austria in the 1930s. Plants adapt to abiotic and biotic stresses using their astonishing plasticity to remodel Tissue cultures reveal many genetic variations that can be used for plant-breeding programs NAA, and GA was effective for shoot organogenesis in the selected callus line. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals. In land plants, zeaxanthin plays a central role in NPQ because quenching of excess absorbed light energy undergoes energy transfer from chlorophylls to chlorophyll-zeaxanthin heterodimer before being dissipated into heat (Holt et al. Quantitative trait loci and differential gene expression analyses reveal the genetic basis for negatively associated beta-carotene and starch content in hexaploid sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. [13] In general, Centaurea cyanus is a self-incompatible species. Drought tolerance is a complex quantitative trait with a complicated phenotype that affects different developmental stages in plants. 2002). Sci Rep. 2018;8:18. Epigenetic control of carotenogenesis during plant development. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Garbacki N., Gloaguen V., Damas J., Bodart P., Tits M., Angenot L. (1999). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03022.x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2013.03.011. Salt stress adversely affects plant growth and development, whereas plants have evolved regulatory mechanisms that allow them to adapt to these adverse conditions. Lee S.C., Lan W.-Z., Kim B.-G., Li L., Cheong Y.H., Pandey G.K., Lu G., Buchanan B.B., Luan S. A protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation network regulates a plant potassium channel. Glover; J.M. 2018;277:3342. Strigolactone perception and deactivation by a hydrolase receptor DWARF14. ABI2, a member of the PP2Cs, binds to SOS2 to inhibit its kinase activity, thereby negatively regulating salt tolerance. Gene Editing3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2017.11.003. Plant Physiol. 2006;142:1193201. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004405117. Rosyara, U.R. The main principle of such a machine is that it brushes the ripe seeds off the plant and creates a cross flow fan action that generates sufficient air velocity to hold and gather the seeds into the seed bunker.[27]. Arrays have been developed for rice by Masouleh et al 2009; wheat by Berard et al 2009, Bernardo et al 2015, and Rasheed et al 2016; legumes by Varshney et al 2016; and various other crops, but all of these have also problems with customization, cost, flexibility, and equipment costs.[15]. Carotenoid degradation and stable storage have become the other areas of focus since the final carotenoid content in crops is a net result of biosynthesis, turnover, and storage (Cazzonelli and Pogson 2010; Yuan et al. Plant Biotechnol J. Generally, the markers to be used should be close to gene of interest (<5 recombination unit or cM) in order to ensure that only minor fraction of the selected individuals will be recombinants. Toledo-Ortiz G, Huq E, Rodriguez-Concepcion M. Direct regulation of phytoene synthase gene expression and carotenoid biosynthesis by phytochrome-interacting factors. 2019; Hermanns et al. Induced mutations affecting pollinator choice in Mimulus lewisii (Phrymaceae). 2014; Alagoz et al. 2019;12:1294307. By using this website, you agree to our Exogenous applications of BRs reduce cytosolic Na+ levels and increase the absorption of K+, which is concomitant with higher salt tolerance [80]. The OR gene as a major posttranslational regulator of PSY for carotenoid biosynthesis is a chaperone protein (Zhou et al. Under abiotic stress, basically three types of water-soluble carbohydrates, viz. OR is the only known bona fide regulator of chromoplast biogenesis. Natural variation in the promoter of CCD4b1 was found to be tightly associated with differential CCD4b expression, -citraurin accumulation and color variation in the citrus peel (Zheng et al. The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 enzyme has broad substrate specificity, cleaving multiple carotenoids at two different bond positions. Cell. Moreover, ubiquitin E3 ligase SP1 homologues in the chloroplast-associated protein degradation proteolytic pathway were shown to promote chloroplast to chromoplast transition through reconfiguration of the plastid protein import machinery (Ling et al. 2019). The findings of physical interaction between transcriptional repressor D53 and SL receptor D14 connect the signal perceiving and gene expression (Jiang et al. The Antioxidants (Basel). We all have come across these kinds of varieties in our daily diet. (2013). Who is the father of plant breeding? 2005;23:4827. Sci Rep. 2019;9:11438. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47893-z. 2018; Welsch et al. For example, ZmMPKs are induced by salt stress and activate oxidative stress regulation to confer salt stress tolerance [51,52,53]. Arch Biochem Biophys. Low or null interaction among the markers allowing the use of many at the same time in a segregating population, the delay of marker expression until late into the development of the organism, allowing dominance to mask the underlying genetics, confounding effects of genes unrelated to the gene or trait of interest but which also affect the morphological marker (, frequent confounding effects of environmental factors which affect the morphological characteristics of the organism, The selected character is expressed late in plant development, like fruit and flower features or adult characters with a juvenile period (so that it is not necessary to wait for the organism to become fully developed before arrangements can be made for propagation), The expression of the target gene is recessive (so that individuals which are. Negative regulation of plastidial isoprenoid pathway by herbivore-induced -cyclocitral in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol Biochem. Jia KP, Baz L, Al-Babili S. From carotenoids to strigolactones. The destabilization of cortical microtubules enhances salt stress tolerances in plants [94,95]. In addition to light, other environmental factors such as temperature, circadian, and nutrient status may also affect carotenoid accumulation (Dhami and Cazzonelli 2020). The uptake of K+ is inhibited in SCaBP8 mutants under salt stress [30]. Rop O., Mlcek J., Jurikova T., Neugebauerov J., Vabkova J. The disruption of BON1 dampens the cytosolic Ca2+ signal in response to osmotic stress. Plant apocarotenoid metabolism utilizes defense mechanisms against reactive carbonyl species and xenobiotics. 2009. 2019) and regulate preprotein import through interacting with several Translocons at the Inner-envelope Membranes of Chloroplasts (TIC) in facilitating the late stage of plastid pre-protein translocation (Yuan et al. Front Plant Sci. Arabidopsis OR proteins are the major posttranscriptional regulators of phytoene synthase in controlling carotenoid biosynthesis. Wang JY, Lin P-Y, Al-Babili S. On the biosynthesis and evolution of apocarotenoid plant growth regulators. 2021;296:14153. As for all ornamental plants, important goals of Centaurea cyanus breeding include the induction of phenotypic variation (e.g. The demands on crop yield have risen sharply worldwide to keep up with the rapidly expanding human population over the past twenty years [1]. Chen K., Li G., Bressan R.A., Song C., Zhu J., Zhao Y. Abscisic acid dynamics, signaling, and functions in plants. It is a wilting disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. 2017;57:180730. Sadali NM, Sowden RG, Ling Q, Jarvis RP. Nieves-Cordones M., Alemn F., Martnez V., Rubio F. K+ uptake in plant roots. Photosynthesis without -carotene. RNA structure can serve as a switch of protein translation in a ligand binding manner (de Jesus et al. Auflage, 2006. 2020) and extended shelf life of tomato fruit (Diretto et al. While the knowledge underlying chromoplast formation is increasing during the past years (Torres-Montilla and Rodriguez-Concepcion 2021), clearly the nature of chromoplast biogenesis for high levels of carotenoid accumulation needs to be further explored. How is mutation breeding done?Ans:Mutation breeding, sometimes referred to as variation breeding, is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits. It is now endangered in its native habitat by agricultural intensification, particularly by over-use of herbicides. The cell wall provides mechanical strength to withstand these cell turgor changes [104]. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120310.
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